Stone Tool Research at the End of the Millennium: Classification, Function, and Behavior

This is the second of the two papers that review the literature of archaeological lithic analysis over the last decade. This paper concentrates on aspects of stone tool research that are not directly related to the production or procurement of the tools themselves. It is divided into classification, functional analyses, behavioral processes, and approaches to the subject currently popular among analysts. As with the previous paper, an attempt has been made to be as comprehensive as is reasonable, though availability of sources has resulted in an emphasis on North American literature.     

A pre‐Columbian case of congenital syphilis from Anatolia (Nicaea, 13th century AD)

In this study, the skeleton of an approximately 15‐year‐old child, dating back to the Late Byzantine period (13th century AD) is examined with the aim of determining where this specimen fits in the continuing arguments on the origins of syphilis. It was unearthed during an excavation at an amphitheatre in Nicaea dating to the Roman period. The Nicaea specimen displays common symptoms found in the majority of people with congenital syphilis such as Hutchinson's incisor, mulberry molar, darkened enamel, radial scar on frontal bone, sabre tibia, syphilitic dactylitis, and gummatous and non‐gummatous osteomyelitis on almost every post‐cranial bone. Because of the sub‐periosteal new bone formation, the medullary spaces in some long bones are narrowed or completely obliterated. These lesions, which were observed via macroscopic and radiological examination, reflect the late stages of congenital syphilis. The specimen, when examined together with increasing numbers of other finds from the Old World, contributes to the argument that venereal syphilis did exist in the Old World before 1493, and brings forward the need to revise the Columbian hypothesis, which maintains that syphilis is a new disease carried to the Old World from the New World by Columbus' crew. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Osteological applications of high-resolution computed tomography: a prehistoric arrow injury

In comparison to conventional computed tomography (CT) and radiography, high-resolution CT is a superior means of visualizing and quantifying fine structures in a wide range of materials. Here the shape and size of a chert arrowhead lodged in a 700-year-old tibia from Norris Farms #36, Illinois, are identified, as are the bony response and the arrow's probable trajectory through the bone. The use of high-resolution CT – in this instance, to identify structures down to the level of individual trabeculae – can be used in other archaeological applications when fine details are important and specimens cannot be damaged by invasive (i.e., destructive) procedures.     

Compositional and Microstructural Study of KoryŎ Celadon and Whiteware Excavated from SŎRi Kiln in Kyŏnggi Province

An extensive study of the composition and microstructure of celadon and whiteware sherds excavated at Sori, one of the most important sites that were active during the founding stage of the stoneware and porcelain industry in Korea, was carried out. The analysed sherds were organized according to four different levels of the excavation and four different styles of haemurigup foot rim. Principal component analysis of the chemical compositions of the sherds revealed slight differences in their body and glaze compositions between the levels of excavation. Porcelain stone with high silica and low aluminium contents was generally used as the body material and wood ash as the chief flux in the glaze. Over the period of operation, the aluminium content in the bodies of the ceramics decreased and the P₂O₅ content in the glazes increased. Glazed bodies were fired in a single step, in contrast to the two‐step method used in later ceramic production. Firing conditions were adjusted to produce vitrification of the glazes, which meant that vitrification of the ceramic bodies occurred to varying extents, mostly determined by the relative contents of flux in the body and the glaze.     

Salinity structure of the central North Slope foreland basin, Alaska, USA: implications for pathways of past and present topographically driven regional fluid flow

Previous studies of the areal variation in heat flow in the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (NPRA) support the existence of an active topographically driven regional fluid flow regime in this central part of the North Slope foreland basin. Drilling records and wireline logs for over 30 wells drilled in the NPRA provide additional field information, which can be used to further constrain interpretation of the pattern of regional flow of basinal waters within the NPRA. Hydraulic heads estimated from drilling mud weights show that ground water flow occurs generally from south to north, but with divergence to the north‐east and north‐west away from the central part of the NPRA towards coastal areas of elevated shallow heat flow. Salinities calculated from SP logs range from less than 1 g L^?1, to marine values of 35 g L^?1, to hypersaline values of over 150 g L^?1. The entire upper sedimentary section to a depth of 2 km or more in the eastern part of the NPRA has been preferentially flushed with meteoric water through an area corresponding to the sandiest portion of the Nanushuk group. Deeper areas of low salinity occur within the Sadlerochit and Lisburne sections. The pattern of regional flow in the east is complicated, however, by the presence of a large mass of hypersaline water at depth. It is not known whether these brines are being displaced laterally and upward towards the discharge end of the basin or whether fresher waters are simply riding up over the top. Deep, hypersaline waters also occur in fault slices in the Brooks Range and have survived meteoric flushing. The brines were probably formed at the time of deposition of the Lisburne carbonates. The fluid flow regime to the west is different. Low‐salinity waters may be flowing northward underneath this section through the Ellesmerian section and discharging upward nearer the coast. However, sparse well log control severely limits what can be deduced about the details of flow paths in the central and western parts of the NPRA.     

Getting started: objectives and justifications in the history of neurology

Contemporary historiographical ideas have the potential to enrich the history written by practicing neurologists. Neurology is a science, and historians of neurology might profit from considering the experiences of historians of other sciences. An explicit consideration of the range of possible objectives, justifications, sources and methods of historical research may open new and exciting avenues of inquiry. Any plausible answer to the question, "What does a historian do when he or she sits down to write history" helps an historian to develop the structure of his or her project. The selection of sources for a historical study is improved, if also expanded, by understanding its aims.     

Reviews

The Oxford Companion to Irish History S. J. Connolly (ed.), 1998 Oxford, Oxford University Press pp. xvii + 618, ISBN 0.19.21 1695.9, £25.00 (hb)

Colonialism, Religion and Nationalism in Ireland Liam Kennedy, 1996 Belfast, Institute of Irish Studies pp. xv + 231, ISBN 085389.621.6, £9.75 (pb)

Rebellion in Wicklow: General Joseph Holt's Personal Account of 1798 Peter O'shaughnessy (ed.), 1998 Dublin, Four Courts Press pp. 176, ISBN 1.85182.366.2, £9.95 (pb)

Rebellion in Kildare, 1790–1803 Liam Chambers, 1998 Dublin, Four Courts Press pp. 173, ISBN 1.85182.362.X, £30.00 (hb); ISBN 1.85182.363.8, £9.95 (pb)

The Women of 1798 Daire Keogh & Nicholas Furlong (eds), 1998 Dublin, Four Courts Press pp. 208, ISBN 1.85182.358.1, £30.00 (hb); ISBN 1.85182.359.X, £9.95 (pb)

Land, Politics and Nationalism: A Study of the Irish Land Question Philip Bull, 1996 Dublin, Gill & Macmillan pp. 242, ISBN 0.7171.2191.7, £14.99 (pb)

James Connolly: Selected Writings Peter Beresford Ellis (ed.), 1997 London, Pluto Press pp. 256, ISBN 0.7453.1279.9, £40.00 (hb); ISBN 0.7453.0267.X, £12.99 (pb)

James Connolly: The Lost Writings Aindrias Ó Cathasaigh (ed.), 1997 London, Pluto Press pp. 256, ISBN 0.7453.1297.7, £45.00 (hb); ISBN 0.7453.1296.9, £13.99 (pb)

Revolution in Ireland: Popular Militancy 1917 to 1923 Conor Kostick, 1996 London, Pluto Press pp. 248, ISBN 0.7453.1122.9, £40.00 (hb); ISBN 0.7453.1123.7, £13.99 (pb)

The Trouble with Guns: Republican Strategy and the Provisional IRA Malachi O'doherty, 1998 Belfast, Blackstaff pp. 221, ISBN 0.85640.605.8, £11.99 (pb)

Jews in Twentieth Century Ireland: Refugees, Anti‐Semitism and the Holocaust Dermot Keogh, 1998 Cork, Cork University Press pp. 320, ISBN 1.85918.149.X, £45.00 (hb); ISBN 1.85918.3, £16.95 (pb)

Mary Robinson: An Independent Voice John Horgan, 1997 Dublin, O'Brien Press pp. 224, ISBN 0.86278.540.5, £14.99 (hb)

Print and Popular Culture in Ireland Niall Ó Cios´in, 1997 London, Macmillan pp. 249, ISBN 0.333.66684.4, £45.00 (hb)

Power in the Eye: An Introduction to Contemporary Irish Film Terry Byrne, 1997 Lanham, MD, Scarecrow Press pp. 231, ISBN 0.8108.3296.8, £32.50 (hb)

Media in Ireland: The Search for Diversity Damien Kiberd (ed.), 1997 Dublin, Open Air/Four Courts Press pp.94, ISBN 1.851182.315.8, IR £6.95 (pb)

Shooting to Kill: Filmmaking and the ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland Brian Mcilroy, 1998 Trowbridge, Flicks Books pp. 182, ISBN 0.948911.53.0, £12.95 (pb)

The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement Angus Mitchell (ed.), 1997 London, Anaconda Editions pp. 534, ISBN 1.901990.00.1, £17.98 (pb)

Representing Ireland: Gender, Class, Nationality Susan Shaw Sailer (1997) Gainesville, University Press of Florida pp. xv + 224; 23, ISBN 0.8130.1543.X, £39.95 (hb)

Devils and Angels: Television, Ideology and the Coverage of Poverty Eoin Devereux, 1998 Luton, John Libbey Media/University of Luton Press pp. 174, ISBN 1.86020.545.3, £14.95 (pb)

The Health of the Irish in Britain: The Report of a Community Conference Seeromanie Harding & Gearóid Ó Meachair, 1998 London, Federation of Irish Societies pp. 60, ISBN 0.9533.7191.3, £5.00 (pb)

Elderly Irish People in Britain: A Profile Mary Tilki, 1998 London, Federation of Irish Societies pp. 32, ISBN 0.9533.7192.1, £4.00 (pb)

Report of the London Irish Pensioners Day Hammersmith Irish Centre, 1997 London, Federation of Irish Societies pp. 12, ISBN 0.9533.719.5, £3.00 (pb)

Ideologies of Epic: Nation, Empire and Victorian Epic Poetry Colin Graham, 1998 Manchester and New York, Manchester University Press pp. 194, ISBN 0.7190.5285.8, £40.00 (hb)

The Trials of Oscar Wilde: Deviance, Morality and Late‐Victorian Society Michael S. Foldy, 1997 New Haven and London, Yale University Press pp. 206, ISBN 0.300.07112.4, £19.95 (hb)

Oscar Wilde: Trial and Punishment 1895–97 London, Public Record Office, 1998 ISBN 1.873162.50.2, £12.99

Irish Writing on Lafcadio Hcarn and Japan: Writer, Journalist & Teacher Sean G. Ronan (ed.), 1997 Folkestone, Global Oriental pp. 351, ISBN 1.901903.05.2, £16.50 (hb)

James Joyce and Trieste Peter Hartshorn, 1997 Westport, Connecticut and London, Greenwood Press pp. xix + 184, ISBN 0.313.30252.9, £43.95 (hb)

James Joyce and Censorship: The Trials of ‘Ulysses’ Paul Vanderham, 1998 Basingstoke, Macmillan pp. 242, ISBN 0.333.63955.3, £45.00 (hb)

Joyce's Abandoned Female Costumes, Gratefully Received Elisabeth Sheffield, 1998 New Jersey, Associated University Presses pp. 147, ISBN 0.8386.3734.5, £25.00 (hb)

Conjuring Complexities: Essays on Flann O'Brien Anne Clune & Tess Hurson (eds), 1997 Belfast, The Institute of Irish Studies pp. 240, ISBN 0.85389.678.X, £25.00 (hb); ISBN 0.85389.675.5, £12.40 (pb)

Samuel Beckett and the Idea of God Mary Bryden, 1998 London, Macmillan pp. 204, ISBN 0.333.640676.4, £42.50 (hb)

Beckett before Godot John Pilling, 1997 Cambridge, Cambridge University Press pp. 277, ISBN 0.521.46496.X, £37.50 (hb)

Troubled Pleasures: The Fiction of J. G. Farrell Ralph J. Crane & Jennifer Livett, 1997 Dublin, Four Courts Press pp. 173, ISBN 9.781851.832109, £35.00 (hb)

Irish Love Poems A. Norman Jeffares (ed.), 1997 Dublin, O'Brien Press pp. 192, ISBN 0.86278.514.6, £8.99 (pb)

Francis Ledwidge: The Poems Complete Liam O'meara (ed.), 1997 Newbridge, The Goldsmith Press pp. 312, ISBN 1870.491.475, £15.00 (pb)

After The Ball Breda Sullivan, 1998 Moher, Co. Clare, Salmon Poetry pp. 54, ISBN 1.897649.33.2, £6.99 (pb)

Nominies Ian Duhig, 1998 Newcastle upon Tyne, Bloodaxe Books pp. 64, ISBN 1.85224.457.7, £6.95 (pb)

Famine Desmond Egan, 1997 Co. Kildare, Goldsmith Press pp. 39, ISBN 1.8870491.42.4, £5.95 (pb)

Entering the Mare Katie Donovan, 1997 Newcastle upon Tyne: Bloodaxe Books pp. 78, ISBN 1.85224.429.1, £6.95 (pb)

The Arts and Crafts Movements in Dublin and Edinburgh, 1885–1925 Nicola Gordon Bowe & Elizabeth Cumming, 1998 Dublin, Irish Academic Press pp. 160, ISBN 0.7165.2579.8, £29.50 (hb)

Irish Public Sculpture—A History Judith Hill, 1998 Dublin, Four Courts Press pp. 302, ISBN 1.85182.274.7, £29.95 (hb)

The Keeper's Recital: Music and Cultural History in Ireland, 1770–1970 Harry White, 1997 Critical Conditions: Field Day Essays and Monographs Series editor Seamus Deane Cork, Cork University Press pp. 227, ISBN 1.85918.171.6, £14.95 (pb)

In Honor of St. Patrick: Chant for His Feast The Schola Cantorum of St Peter's in the Loop Director, J. Michael Thompson, 1998 Collegeville, MN, the Liturgical Press Compact disk, ISBN 0.8146.7927.7, US$14.95 Audio‐cassette, ISBN 0.8146.7926.9, US$11.95

Last Night's Fun: A Book about Music, Food and Time Ciaran Carson, [1996] 1997 London, Jonathan Cape, Pimlico pp. 198, ISBN 0.2240.4141.X, £15.99 (hb); ISBN 0.7126.6252.9, £10.00 (pb)

Celtic Fury Se´n Kenny, 1998 Dublin, Wolfhound Press pp. 288, ISBN 0.86327.607.5, £6.99 (pb)     

略论晚清乡村社会教化体系的历史变迁

清朝统治者在实践中确认了“教化为本”的统治原则,且逐渐形成并完善了自己的乡村社会教化体系。清代乡村社会的教化体系乃是一个二元同构性的组织系统,即以保甲制为代表的官方教化组织和形式与以宗族、乡约为代表的非官方教化组织与形式同构而成。鸦片战争后,随着社会结构的变动,乡村教化体系的变迁表现为两个方面：其一是传统乡村教化组织趋于形式;其二是乡村教化的内容开始发生变化。与传统乡村社会的教化体系─—官方与非官方教化组织二元同构性体系──不同,晚清乡村社会的教化体系乃是一个新兴教化体系与旧式教化体系异质并存的复合体。晚清乡村社会的教化体系呈现出多元化的趋向,这首先表现在教化组织形式属性的多元化上。其次还表现为教化主体的多元化。而且,晚清乡村社会教化体系嬗变的历史趋向,是以王朝对于基层社会控制的失控为标志的。清王朝逐渐失去了对乡村社会教化主体的控制,使得乡村社会的教化呈现出一种空前的失范状态。晚清乡村社会教化体系变迁所产生的影响是深远的。它与晚清政府走向灭亡时各项制度的衰落变迁同步进行着,并在相互之间产生着互动,共同构成了王朝灭亡的全部内容。