AMS C dating the Protoaurignacian/Early Aurignacian of Isturitz,France. Implications for Neanderthal–modern human interaction and the timing of technical and cultural innovations in Europe

This paper presents new AMS radiocarbon dating results of six ungulate bones from the current excavation of Isturitz Cave, France, layer C 4c4. The assemblage from this layer exhibits a suite of traits closely aligned with the Early Aurignacian, but with some aspects that bear strong similarities with the Protoaurignacian, with possible in situ technological transformation. Accurate and precise dating of the late Middle Palaeolithic and the early Upper Palaeolithic periods is critical to our understanding of the possible relationship between final Neanderthals and early modern humans in Europe. As such, a rigorous set of sample selection and evaluation protocols was developed and used in this research. Among these, only cutmarked bones were selected and a total of 31 targets were made, giving a weighted average of 37,180 ± 420 BP for this assemblage and providing a terminus ante quem for the ornaments, decorated artefact and amber pendants beneath it. The implications and importance of these results to debates concerning the chronological relationship between the Châtelperronian, Protoaurignacian and Early Aurignacian and associated debates regarding hominin dispersal, interaction and the timing of technical and cultural innovations are discussed.     

The neglected research of Egas Moniz of internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion

Egas Moniz is generally remembered for having discovered cerebral angiography in 1927, and having introduced lobotomy as a form of treatment for mental illness in 1935. Less well known is his pioneering research on occlusive cerebrovascular disease, namely internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion, as documented by cerebral angiography. It is our contention that the medical community has, until recently, largely overlooked this research. His neglected observations on ICA occlusion and the important diagnostic role played by angiography are reviewed. We propose to show how our paper differs from previous publications regarding Moniz's ICA occlusion contributions. Whereas most previous reviews have focused on either the role played by cerebral angiography in the diagnosis of ICA occlusion, or on the importance of Moniz's internal carotid occlusion observations, our review attempts to integrate both topics. We will tie Moniz's ICA occlusion research to his documented use of angiography.     

USER REACTIONS TO A VISITOR DISTRIBUTION PROGRAMME IN KILLARNEY PROVINCIAL PARK, ONTARIO: A REPLY

Rothacker expresses concern about an apparent methodological error that could lead to the possible adoption of inappropriate management policies. Rothacker fears we have neglected the possibility of user displacement, an interpretation that stems largely from our observation that 'interviewing was focused on those areas of the park where recreational use was concentrated.' We trust that the following explanation will clarify the situation and alleviate his concerns.     

Settlement Change in Spanish America: the Dynamics of Congregación in the Cuchumatán Highlands of Guatemala, 1541–1821

To facilitate the conversion of Indians to Christianity and to create centralized pools of exploitable labour, the policy of congregatión in Spanish America aimed at producing an orderly pattern of nucleated settlement that contrasted greatly with the predominantly random and scattered arrangement of pre-Hispanic times. Although the imprint of congregación persists to this day, the operation of the policy in the Cuchumatán highlands of Guatemala was not without its failures and frustrations. A review of mid-sixteenth-century congregación , and of the reasons behind the subsequent process of settlement dispersal in the Cuchumatán region, forms the focus of discussion.
Afin de faciliter la conversion au christianisme des Indiens, et dans le dessin de regrouper et de centraliser la main-d'ceuvre exploitable, la politique de la congregación dans l'AmCrique hispanique visait à produire un modèle ordonné de repeuplement nucléé. Cela contrastait fortement avec la distribution sans ordre des populations clairsemCes de l'époque pré-hispanique. Quoique des traces de la congregación persistent encore aujourd'hui, cette politique ne se rCalisa pas sans uncertain nombre d'Cchecs et de frustrations dans les Altos Cuchumatanes du Guatemala. Notre discussion se centre sur une revue de la congregacidn du milieu du seizième siècle, et traite les raisons qui motivèrent le processus de la dispersion subséquente de la population dans cette région.     

The implementation of EG regional programmes in Greece: A critical review

The effectiveness of the implementation process in EC regional programmes has been subject to more attention in recent years. In the meantime, some inhibiting factors that influence the level of success and failure of the implementation of regional programmes have been revealed, while others are still being researched. The obstacles in implementing the Integrated Mediterranean Programme of Eastern Central Greece (IMP‐ECG) were found to include a widespread lack of know‐how in the integrated planning techniques which had to be applied, the dominance of a traditional centrist administrative apparatus, the inadequate supervision and monitoring of the programmes and, lastly, the invincible power of clientelism with its adverse effects on the intended objectives of the programme. Unquestionably the experience of the IMP‐ECG can justifiably be used as a lesson to improve the quality of implementation of current and forthcoming EC regional programmes.