The republic of san marino

Abstract

Flushing time (T_f) is an important factor which determines the hydrological, ecological and chemical functioning of lakes. However, it has never been calculated on the basis of underground supply for Polish Lakes. Due to their high altitudes, the lakes in question constitute a distinctive group among the ??czna-W?odawa Lakes. They are located in the borderland of the Cretaceous Che?m Hills (part of the Polish Uplands) and Polish Lowland. The quantity of the underground water supply was one of the key factors which make these lakes so distinctive. During periods of low precipitation, water shortages occurred in the lakes, especially Pniówno and Syczyńskie. The ??czna-W?odawa Lakes are commonly distinguished, among other Polish water bodies, as super-passive due to their water flushing time (>10 years). However, the average flushing time of the water in lakes Tarnowskie, Chuteckie, Pniówno and Syczyńskie, based on the underground supply, amounted to 606, 211, 54 and 79 days, respectively. The territorial conditions (e.g. geologic structure of catchment areas or thickness of unsaturated and saturated zones) were the most important factors that determined seasonal fluctuations of the supply to the lakes.     

Review article: early medieval rulers and their modern biographers

Books reviewed in this articles:
Richard Abels, Alfred the Great. War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England
Gerd Althoff, Otto III
Roger Collins, Charlemagne     

The accumulation of stochastic copying errors causes drift in culturally transmitted technologies: Quantifying Clovis evolutionary dynamics

The archaeological record is the empirical record of human cultural evolution. By measuring rates of change in archaeological data through time and space it is possible to estimate both the various evolutionary mechanisms that contribute to the generation of archaeological variation, and the social learning rules involved in the transmission of cultural information. Here we show that the recently proposed accumulated copying error model [Eerkens, J.W., Lipo, C.P., 2005. Cultural transmission, copying errors, and the generation of variation in material culture and the archaeological record. Journal of Anthropology archaeology 24, 316–334.] provides a rich, quantitative framework with which to model the cultural transmission of quantitative data. Using analytical arguments, we find that the accumulated copying error model predicts negative drift in quantitative data due to the proportional nature of compounded copying errors (i.e., neutral mutations), and the multiplicative process of cultural transmission. Further, we find that the theoretically predicted rate of drift in long-lived technologies is remarkably close to the observed reduction of Clovis projectile point size through time and space across North America.     

Antiquarianism,archaeology, and aporetic immanence in Beckett’s prose

Beckett derides those antiquarians unaware of “the rupture of the lines of communication” between subject and object in his 1934 essay “Recent Irish Poetry”. However, Beckett will come to incorporate into the late prose specific terminology used by archaeologist, including those involved in the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, who were contemporaries of the same antiquarians he scorns so contemptuously in his early career. This paper traces and examines the Irish antiquarian elements in relation to megalithic archaeology in Beckett’s prose. The elements of antiquarian archaeology in Beckett function to present the existence of those populating the work as mediated by the aporia between ancient and modern epochs. Allusions to antiquarian and archeological terminology contribute to the issues of representation in Beckett’s work. Instances where historical material resides in Beckett’s prose will be analysed through the logic of reverberation. Based on the physics of sound, it will be argues that the fragments of historical material act like artefacts which do not represent historical discourse but reverberate within an aporia of chronological time.     

Index for Volume VII (1960)

Abstract

Martine Debaisieux, ed. Le Labryinthe de Versailles: Parcours critiques de Molière à La Fontaine. A la Mémoire d'Alvin Eustis. Amsterdam-Atlanta: Rodopi, 1998. 215 pp.

Albert W. Halsall. Victor Hugo and the Romantic Drama. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998. xxvii + 251 pp. $60.00.

K. M. Sibbald, ed. Guill én at McGill: Essays for a Centenary Celebration (Ottawa Hispanic Studies 19). Ottawa: Dovehouse Editions, 1996.

Maria Teresa de Feitas and Claude Leroy, eds. Brésil L'Utopialand de Blaise Cendrars. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998. 392 pp.

Adrianna M. Paliyenko. Mis-reading the Creative Impulse: The Poetic Subject in Rimbaud and Claudel, Restaged. Southern Illinois University Press, 1997. xvi + 205 pp.

Danièle de Ruyter-Tognotti and M. van Strien Chardonneau, eds. Le roman francophone actuel en Algérie et aux Antilles. (Cahiers de recherches des instituts néerlandais de langue et de littérature françaises 34). Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1998. 161 pp. $26.00.

Patricia E. Grieve. Floire and Blancheflor and the European Romance. (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 32). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. xiii + 240 pp.

Donald E. Schurlknight. Spanish Romanticism in Context. Of Subversion, Contradiction and Politics: Espronceda, Larra, Rivas, Zorrilla. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1998. 178 pp.

Joyce Tolliver. Cigar Smoke and Violet Water: Gendered Discourse in Emilia Pardo Bazán. Lewisburg, Penn., and London: Bucknell University Press and Associated University Press, 1998. 219 pp.

John C. Wilcox. Women Poets of Spain, 1860–1990: Toward a Gynocentric Vision. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1997. xix + 366 pp.

Pedro Guerrero Ruiz and Veronica Dean-Thacker. Federico García Lorca: El color de la poesía. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 1998. 212 pp.

Gerardo Diego. Obras completas: Prosa. Tomos IV, V. (Memoria de un poeta, vol. 1, 2.) Edited by Francisco Javier Díez de Revenga. Madrid: Alfaguara, 1997. 816 pp., 802 pp.     

SOME HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE “DOWN EAST” ROUTE

For over three centuries, explorers and privateers, fishermen and planters, job seekers and tourists have plied the “Down East” route–bearing witness to the close connection between New England and Atlantic Canada. Today the traditional “good neighborliness” is threatened by a series of complex issues: American ownership of recreational land, environmental problems and jurisdictional disputes. This article seeks to place these present controversies in perspective by a historical overview of some key factors which have contributed to the interdependence of the two regions.