赋到俗处学更精——读伏俊琏教授《俗赋研究》

伏俊琏先生是近年来在辞赋研究领域有突出贡献的学者。如果说《敦煌赋校注》、《敦煌文学文献丛稿》已奠定了他在辞赋研究领域的学术地位的话,那么新近由中华书局出版的《俗赋研究》一书作为伏俊琏先生辞赋研究的最新学术成果,则把辞赋研究尤其是俗赋研究又向前大大推进了一步。     

发达国家工业化中期阶段经济增长与工业结构变化的特征

本文通过对几个发达国家的工业化过程和按收入水平分组的截面分析表明,工业化中期阶段具有增长加速、技术进步加速和重化工化使各发达国工业结构相似系数提高的特征。工业化中期经济增长的加速动力主要来自于积累的迅速提高和结构的快速转变两个方面。技术进步加速则表现为经济增长方式由外延粗放型向集约效益型的转变。和工业化初期的加速一样,工业化中期阶段的增长加速也是主要依赖于制造业的高速增长。但与之不同的是,工业化中期阶段的经济增长主要依赖于重化工业增长的带动,而不是轻工业的带动。此阶段还是工业内部结构变化剧烈的时期。     

阿巴嘎旗丹仑土仑遗址调查

锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗汗贝庙东北90公里为伊和高勒苏木所在地沙漠拉计,在其西北约28公里为伊和高勒和巴格高勒两河发源地,当地有一座黄土小山,高约20米,山上有许多黑色玄武岩,故当地蒙古族居民称此山为“哈拉锡勒”,汉语为“黑石山坡”之意。遗址在丹仑土仑(蒙语,“七十个水泉”之意),位于哈拉锡勒东南向阳坡地上,即大河之源、山坡之上及河源两侧。其处有大小石丘分布着,在此山丘间,有当地早年的喇嘛垒石及经文石刻,并立旗杆于垒石上,故遗址所在地被名之为“打其格图”(蒙语“旗杆脑包”之意)。图一丹仑土仑遗址位置示意图遗址周围的自然环境…     

Plant exploitation of the last foragers at Shizitan in the Middle Yellow River Valley China: evidence from grinding stones

China is one of the few centers in the world where plant domestication evolved independently, but its developmental trajectory is poorly understood. This is because there is considerably less data from the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene documented in China than in other regions, such as the Near East and Mesoamerica, and previous studies on Paleolithic subsistence in China have largely focused on animal hunting rather than plant gathering. To resolve these problems the current research investigated the range of plants used by late Paleolithic hunter–gatherers in the middle Yellow River region where some of the earliest farmers emerged. We employed usewear and starch analyses on grinding stones to recover evidence for plant use in a hunting–gathering population at a late Paleolithic site, Shizitan Locality 9 in Jixian, Shanxi (ca. 13,800–8500 cal. BP). The usewear analysis shows that all artifacts preserved a range of usewear patterns best matching multiple tasks and indicating multi-functional use. Starch remains recovered from these tools indicate that the Shizitan people collected and processed many types of grass seeds (Panicoideae and Pooideae subfamilies), acorns (Quercus sp.), beans (Phaseoleae tribe) and yams (Dioscorea sp.). The Shizitan people represented some of the last hunter–gatherers in the middle Yellow River region. Their broad spectrum subsistence strategy was apparently carried on by the first Neolithic farmers in the same region, who collected similar wild plants and eventually domesticated millets. The trajectory from intensified collection of a wide range of wild plants to domestication of a small number of species was a very long process in north China. This parallels the transition from the “broad spectrum revolution” to agriculture in the Near East.     

小米能否制作面条的实验研究:兼论喇家面条的成分

根据中国西北部喇家遗址出土的面条状遗存,面条的历史被追溯到4000年前。喇家面条被描述为由带壳的小米磨成的粉制成面团并通过反复拉伸或挤压的方法制作而成。为了了解这种面条制作工艺,我们进行了面条试制实验和煮面实验,并记录了面条中的淀粉粒在烹调过程中发生的形态变化。研究表明,纯的粟黍面粉制成的面团不能拉伸成面条,煮过的粟黍淀粉粒形态也与喇家"面条"遗存中的"淀粉粒"不符。我们认为来自喇家"面条"的小米颖壳植硅体及似淀粉粒的颗粒是否来自面条需要进一步研究。     

"史德"新论

文人与史家的不同并不在于是否具备才、学、识,而在于是否具备史德。章学诚不同于刘知几之处,就在于他不把史识看作最高标准,而是在史识之上又设置了更高的规定,即用史德来约束和规范史识。史德即尊君,心术即名教。章学诚的“史德”是一个封闭性概念,它主要是对史家的职业性要求,最多只涉及到一些对统治伦理的维护和承诺。而“新史德”则是一个开放性范畴,它更多地要求史家对公众和社会承担一种必要的责任。这种责任的内涵不在于轻易认同什么,而在于严肃质疑什么。新史德的本质不是道德,而是道义。     

色彩斑斓的窑变釉

魏晋南北朝时期,中国就以“瓷国”享誉世界,著名的“丝绸之路”沟通、促进了中外文化间的交流,瓷器作为中国的象征早在唐代即沿陆路和海路传播到世界许多国家。到了宋代海运发达,中国瓷器更是畅销世界各国,据宋人赵汝适《诸蕃志》记载,有近20个国家与中国交易瓷器。就欧洲而言,先是阿拉伯商人,后来是葡萄牙、荷兰商人来中国贩运瓷器。     

Starch grains analysis of stone knives from Changning site,Qinghai Province,Northwest China

Plant residues recovered from prehistoric stone artifacts can be used to help explain tool function and plant use. At the Changning site in Qinghai Province, Northwest China, dating from 4000 yr BP, we examined starch granules extracted from three slate stone knives. A total of 153 starch grains were retrieved from three stone knives, from which we identified starches from legumes, the Triticeae tribe, foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), roots and tubers. These results indicate that the stone knives may have been used for a variety of activities that included reaping grasses and food processing. The species of starch grains retrieved from the study sample reveal that diverse crops were cultivated at the Changning site 4000 years ago.     

Tang-Song or Song-Ming: The Significance of a Perspective Shift in Chinese Cultural and Intellectual History

Discussions on the contrast between the Tang and Song dynasties are common in Chinese cultural and intellectual history. Will it make more sense if the continuity between Song and Ming are emphasized instead? This shift in research perspective will have multiple effects. Instead of paying exclusive attention to the elites and classics, we will focus on common knowledge, thoughts, and beliefs. As a result of this shift in the core of our research interests, the process by which ideas and cultural novelties are institutionalized, popularized, and “conventionalized” will become an important focus of historical research. Shifting our concern from the “original thinking“ of the Tang and Song to the “compromise thinking“ of the Song and Ming will cause an increase in the kinds of documents about cultural and intellectual history. Such changes in periodization and research perspective can stimulate fundamental changes in the study of Chinese cultural and intellectual history.     

试论克孜尔石窟出土陶祖为摩尼教艺术品

摩尼教作为一个公元3世纪后流行东西方的世界性宗教,其神学体系中有关性观念的描述,在世界古代几大宗教中独树一帜。但以往人们对此的认识都是在摩尼教文献中寻章摘句,很难见到形象化的具体实