陕西蓝田水陆庵彩绘泥塑颜料分析研究

水陆庵位于陕西蓝田王顺山下,庵内现存三百余平方米精美绝伦的明代彩绘泥塑,是我国泥塑保存最多、最完整的明代彩绘泥塑群之一。为明确水陆庵彩绘泥塑的颜料使用情况,采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微红外光谱仪、扫描电镜-能谱仪和显微拉曼光谱仪对颜料样品进行科学分析。结果表明,除中隔壁背面重妆区域的蓝色颜料主要成分是普鲁士蓝之外,水陆庵彩塑使用的颜料大多为矿物颜料,包括铅丹、朱砂、铁红、氯铜矿、雌黄和云母等。研究结果将为水陆庵后续保护修复提供科学依据,并为丰富关中地区明代彩绘泥塑颜料类型补充科学信息。     

密闭环境下地下水分变化对唐皇城墙含光门土遗址的影响研究

含光门土遗址属于室内土遗址,通过对土遗址病害、博物馆内温湿度、不同深度含水率长期监测及土样渗透系数、硬度测量发现,在相对密闭环境中,含光门土遗址在冬春季泛碱、剥落及春季严重霉菌等病害反复发生与遗址水分“单向蒸发”周期性变化有关;周围草坪浇水、降雨、城市排水渗漏向遗址内部渗流引起土遗址管涌的直接破坏。分析了地下水分变化引起含光门土遗址病害的原因,提出了在博物馆两侧设置隔水墙为主要措施,防止周围地下水渗流对土遗址的直接破坏作用,保持博物馆内恒温恒湿,防止地下水的“剧烈”变化引起的劣化影响。本研究可为含光门土遗址保护提供参考。     

世界社会的民俗协商:民俗学理论与方法的新生命

民俗学是随着现代性的全球扩张而发展起来的一门高度国际性的关于民族文化传统的学科,它在方法上采取集体主义,在理论上假设民族在民俗上的同质性。在现代性走向巅峰的时候,同质性人群和民俗传统的快速消逝带来民俗学的危机。面对危机,从日常生活来界定民俗的思潮兴起,却并不能解除危机。在人口流动、文化杂糅的世界社会,个人与小群体必须与他人协商安排日常生活的细节,这种世界社会的民俗协商正在成为广泛的事实。能够应对这种趋势的民俗学将会获得发展的生命力,这有赖于从业者带来理论与方法的创新。     

Spatial–temporal distribution and geographic context of Neolithic cultural sites in the Hanjiang River Basin,Southern Shaanxi,China

Understanding how to live successfully within our environment is among the most pressing challenges facing contemporary society. This paper probes the problem based on comparative analysis and discusses the relationship between the spatial–temporal distribution of the Neolithic cultural sites and the geographic context in the Hanjiang River Basin in the south of Shaanxi Province, China. Archaeological studies have identified 175 Neolithic cultural sites in the study area, with a sequence of Laoguantai (¹⁴C age 8–7 ka BP), Yangshao (¹⁴C age 7–5 ka BP) and the late period of the Neolithic Age (¹⁴C age 5–4 ka BP). The total number of archaeological sites, the distribution area and the density all showed an early ascending and later descending trend, but the proportion of the number of archaeological sites in the study area to the corresponding value of the entire Shaanxi Province declined sharply. Spatially, these sites were concentrated on the terraces of the Hanjiang River and its main tributaries with an altitude of 400–800 m. Multiple data were integrated to clarify the critical effects of tectonic and geomorphologic conditions on the distribution of the Neolithic sites. Further comparisons revealed the correlation of Holocene climate change and environmental evolution with the Neolithic cultural succession in the study area that ameliorated conditions to generally promote the development of the primitive culture while degeneration coincided with the culture's transition or interruption. The discussion on the origin of the primitive culture and the temporal–spatial distribution corresponding to the regional culture differentiation sheds light on the complex and dynamic human–nature interaction system during the Neolithic Age, thus emphasising the wider field-based investigation and high-resolution reconstruction works of the palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment in the future.     

再造河西契机下张掖地区产业增长态势分析

一个区域的发展是否健康快速,从根本上讲,取决于其产业结构的优劣、其主导产业的竞争能力大小。张掖地区是河西走廊重要的地区,它不仅区位条件优越,而且发展的基础较好,潜力巨大。随着甘肃省"再造河西"战略的实施,张掖地区面临着一个前所未有的新的、巨大的发展机遇,为适应形势,促进发展,张掖地区的产业结构、主导产业选择必须加以调整。本文首先利用"克劳森四指标法"对张掖地区的整体发展情况进行了判断,认识了张掖地区在甘肃省所处的相对发展水平。其次进一步采用"偏额-份额分析法"对该地区的产业结构优劣、各产业增长态势进行了分析,根据新时期发展战略要求,有针对性地指明了各产业科学合理的发展导向。     

21世纪的"海洋破碎带"

本简析了海洋的争夺史,在此基础上提出了本的中心议题—21世纪的“海洋破碎带”。探析了“海洋破碎带”形成的七大因素,即：①海洋霸权主义对海洋国际贸易通道的争夺;②国际间对海洋国土的争夺;③海洋生物资源的争夺;④海洋矿产资源的争夺;⑤南极大陆的争夺;⑥海军军备竞赛;⑦海缘政治形势日益恶化。阐释了21纪“海洋破碎带”分布的海域。最后指出,中国不仅是一个陆地国家,也是一个海洋国家,中国的海上安全已近底线。为此,中国必须树立新的海洋观念,建立强大的海军,保卫国家的每一寸海洋国土。     

1943年美国废除排华法分析

194 3年 12月 17日 ,美国总统富兰克林·D·罗斯福正式签署了一个由美国参众两院通过的《废除排华法律、规定移民配额及其他事项的法案》 ,废除了自 1882年以来美国政府所实施的一系列排华法律。本文拟就 194 3年美国废除排华法的历史背景、经过及其评价作些探讨     

Neighbourhood food environments revisited: When food deserts meet food swamps

This study uses service area–based coverage and various count regression methods to assess neighbourhood-level healthy and unhealthy food environments, and food access associated with different socio-economic groups in Edmonton, Canada. We identify three types of vulnerable neighbourhoods according to different food environments: food deserts (i.e., neighbourhoods lack sufficient access to healthy foods); food swamps (i.e., neighbourhoods have excess access to unhealthy foods); and those with overlaps of food swamps and food deserts. We also identify neighbourhoods with superior access to healthy foods (i.e., food oases). Additionally, our results from regression analyses indicate: (1) child population is negatively associated with both healthy and unhealthy food resources; (2) good access to public transportation is associated with good coverage of all healthy food outlets and convenience stores; and (3) deprived neighbourhoods with higher percentages of minority populations have better coverage of both healthy and unhealthy foods in general. The results from this study can help the City of Edmonton identify the key neighbourhoods with high potential for local business and the hotspot neighbourhoods that require particular support. Tailored strategies are proposed to effectively and efficiently improve food environments with limited resources.     

抗战时期沦陷区的红卍字会

在"汉奸"与"亡国奴"之外,抗战时期沦陷区的中国人还存在一个"第三者",即为数众多的民间组织与民间教派。本文旨在以抗战时期沦陷区的道院——红卍字会为视角,探讨当时作为"第三者"的社会群体之功能、地位与历史评价问题。沦陷区的红卍字会多有存在,甚至颇有发展,开展社会救助。在民族主义与外敌入侵发生严重冲突的抗战时期,沦陷区红卍字会的精神世界并不能超然物外。国民政府可以接受沦陷区红卍字会的社会救助,但敌视红卍字会的道院信仰,警惕其成员的附逆行为。为此,沦陷区的红卍字会在宗教活动上有所收敛,并自行处理了部分附逆成员。日伪方面更多的是把沦陷区的红卍字会定位为社会救助组织,在政治上拉红卍字会会员入伙,对红卍字会之道院信仰干涉不多。沦陷区的红卍字会,一方面利用日伪政权对自己的定位,继续开展社会救助;另一方面,沦陷区的红卍字会会员也不乏附逆之人。对沦陷区的民间教派——民间团体开展研究,尤其是开展红卍字会这类慈善团体的研究,可以丰富人们对抗战时期中国社会的整体认识,有助于人们正确认识这些团体在中国近现代历史上的角色、功能与历史作用。     

东魏北齐时期邯郸县设治考——以《窦奉高墓志》为中心

前人对东魏北齐时期邯郸县设治问题的研究存在两种截然相反的观点——"撤治说"和"设治说"。河北省磁县出土的《窦奉高墓志》记载窦氏在北齐时期被授予"邯郸县伯"的爵位,为"设治说"提供了有力证据。