Extremal Approaches to Estimating Spatial Interaction

Two recent theoretical approaches to the gravity model of spatial interaction are examined with emphasis on the dissimilar physical and statistical theories from which they were respectively derived. Formal relationships between the two methods are demonstrated. The two approaches jointly indicate a general method of generating new hypotheses of gravity flows. This method is discussed and evaluated, and some questions of theory comparability are explored. Comments on some of the computational features of each of the two models conclude the paper.     

Isotopic anthropology of rural German medieval diet: intra- and inter-population variability

This study investigates the diet of an eleventh century CE parish community located in northwestern Germany. We assessed the isotopic compositions of human (n = 24) and faunal (n = 17) bone collagen (δ ¹³C_col, δ ¹⁵N_col) and human structural carbonate (δ ¹³C_sc) using skeletal material recovered from the Dalheim cemetery. Traditional interpretation of the isotopic data indicates that Dalheim residents likely relied on a C₃ plant-based diet and consumed some terrestrial animal products without evidence of marine resource input in the diet. Bivariate and multivariate models used as an additional means to assess diet indicate minor consumption of C₄ plant foods in this community. The multivariate-isotope model identified regional similarities and differences in C₄ plant/marine food consumption and in dietary protein sources by comparing data from Dalheim with those of other medieval sites from the published literature. We did not observe sex differences in this population but differences in δ ¹⁵N_col suggest that juveniles consumed the lowest trophic level protein.     

Book reviews

Small Firms, Technical Services and Inter‐firm Cooperation. Frank Pyke, Geneva, International Institute for Labor Studies, 1994, 126 pp, 20 Swiss francs, ISBN 92 9014 527 7

Uneven Regional Change in Britain. Alan Townsend, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993, £9.95 ($19.95) pb, ISBN 0 521 40870 9.

European Fort Cities in Transition. B. S. Hoyle and D. A. Pinder (Eds), London, Belhaven Press, 1992, 207 pp, £35.00 hb, ISBN 1 85293 170 1.

Introducing Town Planning. Clara Greed, Harlow, Longman, 1993, 283 pp, £12.99 pb, ISBN 0 582 09107 1.

Contemporary Transport Trends. Michael Asteris and Peter Green (Eds), Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing, 290 pp, £35.00 hb, ISBN 1 85628 2848.

The Rise of Regional Europe. Christopher Harvie, London, Routledge, 1994, 92 pp, £6.99 pb, ISBN 0 4150 9523 9.     

Reviews

THE EVOLUTION OP AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN POLICY 1938–1965. Alan Watt. London, Cambridge University Press, 1967. Pp. x + 387. 60/‐ stg.

FATE AND WILL IN FOREIGN POLICY. James Eayrs. Toronto, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1967. Pp. 87. ?1.25 (Canadian).

THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE UNITED NATIONS. T. B. Millar. Sydney, Sydney University Press, 1967. Pp. 237. $5.50.

SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS. J. D. B. Miller. Brisbane, University of Queensland Press, 1967. Pp. 27. $0.75c.

RACE RELATIONS IN THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH AND THE UNITED NATIONS. Lord Caradon. London, Cambridge University Press. Pp. 25. $0.65c.

THE ROLE OF THE CHINESE ARMY. John Gittings. Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford University Press, London, 1967. Pp. xx + 331. $7.80.

BASIC TACTICS. Mao Tse‐tung. Translated and with an introduction by Stuart R. Schram. New York, Praeger, 1966. Pp. v + 149. $5.80.

PEKING AND PEOPLE'S WARS. Samuel B. Griffith. New York, Praeger, 1966. Pp. 142. $5.80.

A STUDY OP THE CHINESE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT 1927–34. Shanti Swamp. Oxford, 1966. Pp. viii + 289‐ $5.80.

THE JAPANESE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT 1920–1966. Robert A. Scalapino. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967. Pp. 412. $6.50 (US).

THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT IN IRAN. Sepehr Zabir. University of California Press, 1967. Pp. xiv + 279. 48/‐ (stg.).

PROBLEMS OF SMALLER TERRITORIES. Burton Benedict (ed.). University of London, The Athlone Press, 1967. Pp. 153.

ASIA'S POPULATION PROBLEMS: WITH A DISCUSSION OF POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA. S. Chandrasekhar (ed.). Allen and Unwin, London, 1967. Pp. 311. $7.00.

AUSTRALIAN IMMIGRATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHY AND DIGEST. Charles A. Price (ed.). Australian National University, 1966.

THE LAW OF THE SEA AND AUSTRALIAN OFF‐SHORE AREAS. R. D. Lumb. St. Lucia, University of Queensland Press, 1966. Pp. 86. $2.85.

RELIGION, POLITICS AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR IN JAVA: THE KUDUS CIGARETTE INDUSTRY. Lance Castles. Yale Southeast Asia Studies, Cultural Report Series no. 15, 1967. Pp. vii + 158.

IDEOLOGY IN INDONESIA: SUKARNO'S INDONESIAN REVOLUTION. Donald E. Weatherbee. Monograph Series No. 8, Southeast Asia Studies, Yale University, 1966. Pp. x + 135.     

The Aboriginal Adjustment Movement in Colonial Victoria

Whilst much has been written about Aboriginal religious syncretism in Australia, particularly about what has become known as the “Adjustment Movement” that occurred in Arnhem Land in the 1950s (see McIntosh 2004), there were several remarkable examples of spiritual adjustment by Aboriginal people a century earlier on the Victorian goldfields that hitherto have not been explored by historians. Building on Magowan's (2003) discussion of the connection between Christianity and the ancestral law of Aboriginal culture in northern Australia, this article will examine how Christian influences in colonial Victoria competed with, and conversely moulded, southern Kulin ancestral understanding. Several Kulin ceremonies — including the Myndee ceremony and the “Veinie Sacred Sunday Dance” — will be examined. These ceremonies were described by colonial officials (Joseph Panton, a Gold Commissioner, and William Thomas, the Aboriginal Guardian of Aborigines in Victoria) in the midst of a second wave of invasion and rupture for Victorian Aboriginal people — the first being the sheep herders in the 1830s, and the second being the gold rush which commenced in 1851. Serving as exemplars of what might be called the Victorian Aboriginal Adjustment Movement, these ceremonies demonstrate the extent to which Aboriginal people on the goldfields of Victoria engaged in a culturally congruent mode of Christianity.