Historical Development of the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

This review examines the history of discoveries that contributed to development of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. The origin of the hypothesis is traced to the recognition that neuroleptic drugs interfere with brain dopamine function. This insight was derived from two distinct lines of research. The first line originated from the discovery in 1956 that reserpine depletes brain serotonin. This finding resulted in a sequence of studies that led to the discovery that brain dopamine is involved in neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal motor disturbances. The second line of research was aimed at determining the mechanism of action of psychomotor stimulants. This research produced evidence that stimulants directly or indirectly activate brain dopamine receptors. Because nonreserpine neuroleptics such as chlorpromazine block stimulant-induced movement, these findings suggested that neuroleptics were dopamine antagonists. Most previous accounts of the development of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia emphasize the first line of research and ignore the second.     

Communication of Discoveries of Medieval Paintings,Etc

Abstract

Until 1965 Holy Trinity parish church, Much Wenlock (Shropshire), was believed to be wholly Norman and later. In that year it was proposed that the south chancel chapel and south nave aisle were Anglo-Saxon. Two vertical strips of squared stones, built into the upper part (a later heightening) of the aisle's south wall, were interpreted as Anglo-Saxon pilaster strips of the type later classified by Dr H. M. Taylor as ‘long-and-short’. If the upper part of that wall was Anglo-Saxon, the lower part must have been earlier Anglo-Saxon, and so must the chapel south wall, which is integral with the lower part of the aisle wall. The Norman nave and chancel must have been added to an-existing Anglo-Saxon structure.

We believe, however, that the aisle and chapel must have been added to an existing Norman structure, for the Norman nave had originally a south-east external clasping buttress. Structural and documentary evidence shows that the strips are probably of the later thirteenth or earlier fourteenth century. Moreover similar strips occur in another part of the church that is probably of that date or later. ‘Pilaster strips’ of ‘long-and-short’ appearance may evidently be looked for elsewhere in twelfth-century or later contexts, especially in the heightened parts of unsupported rubble walls.     

Book Reviews

Australian Politics

Stephen Alomes and Catherine Jones (eds), A Documentary History of Australian Nationalism (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1991) pp.viii + 464. $29.95 ISBN 0 207 1634 2.

Ron Callus, Alison Morehead, Mark Cully and John Buchanan, Industrial Relations at Work: The Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Industrial Relations, AGPS, 1991) pp.xxii + 366. $24.95 ISBN 0 644 13429 1.

Anne Crichton, Slowly Taking Control? (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1990) pp.xiii + 279. $19.95 ISBN 0 04 442166 4.

Greg Fry (ed.) Australia's Regional Security (Sydney: Unwin & Allen, 1991) pp.x + 221. $16.95 ISBN 0 04 302001 1.

Brian Galligan, Owen Hughes and Cliff Walsh (eds), Intergovernmental Relations and Public Policy (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991) pp.xiv + 389. $27.50 ISBN 0 04 442257 1.

Christine Jennett and Randal G. Stewart (eds), Hawke and Australian Public Policy: Consensus and Restructuring (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1990) pp.vii + 422.$29.9S ISBN 0 7329 0343 2.

Ian McAllister and Rhonda Moore, Party Strategy and Change: Australian Electoral Speeches Since 1946 (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1991) pp.xiv + 332. $28.99 ISBN 0 582 86971 4.

Doug McEachern, Business Mates: The Power and Politics of the Hawke Era (Sydney: Prentice Hall, 1991) pp.xi + 168. $n.p. ISBN 0 7428 0520 6.

Allan Peachment (ed.), The Business of Government: Western Australia 1983–1990 (Sydney: The Federation Press, 1991) pp.xvi + 240. $25.00 ISBN 1 86287 046 2.

Chris Pirie and John Power (eds), Economic and Management Pressures on Australian Public Administration (Canberra College of Advanced Education in association with the Victorian Division of the Royal Australian Institute of Public Administration, 1989) pp.vii + 163. $n.p. ISBN 0 85889 338 X.

Comparative and International Politics

Christopher J. Bailey, The US Congress (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989) pp.x + 175. $n.p. ISBN 0 631 15861 6.

Herman Bakvis, Regional Ministers: Power and Influence in the Canadian Cabinet (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991) pp.xv + 378. $Can.22.95 ISBN 0 8020 6698 4.

Lester R. Brown et al, State of the World: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society (Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with W.W. Norton & Co./Worldwatch Institute [New York], 1991) pp.xvii + 254. $19.95 ISBN 86373 018 4.

Alistair Cole (ed.), French Political Parties in Transition (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1990) pp.xiii + 212. £29.50 ISBN 1 85521 012 6.

John Gittings, China Changes Face: The Road from Revolution 1949–1989 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990) pp.xiv + 322. $19.95 ISBN 0 19 285165 9.

Harry Harding, China's Second Revolution. Reform After Mao (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989) pp.xx + 369. $19.95 ISBN 0 04 442106 0.

John W. Longworth (ed.), China's Rural Development Miracle With International Comparisons (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1989) pp.xxiv + 457. $n.p. ISBN 0 7022 2264 X.

Emmanuel Todd (trans. A. and B. Forster), The Making of Modern France (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991) pp.x + 224. $37.95 ISBN 0 631 17948 8.

Achin Vanaik, The Painful Transition: Bourgeois Democracy in India (London: Verso, 1991) pp.302. $32.95 ISBN 0 86091 504 2.

Zhang Xinxin and Sang Ye (eds WJ.F. Jenner and Delia Davin) Chinese Lives: An Oral History of Contemporary China (London: Penguin Books, 1989) pp.xxii + 367. $14.99 ISBN 0 14 011625 7.

Political Theory and Methodology

S. Alomes and D. den Hartog (eds), Post Pop: Popular Culture, Nationalism and Postmodernism (Footscray: Footprint, 1991) pp.130. $np. ISBN 186297 012 2.

Clare Burton, The Promise & The Price: The Struggle for Equal Opportunity in Women's Employment (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991) pp.xiv + 184. $18.95 ISBN 0 04 442286 5.

Mark Cowling and Lawrence Wilde (eds), Approaches to Marx (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1989) pp.xiv + 231. $29.95 ISBN 0 335 15621 5.

Robert Meister, Political Identity: Thinking Through Marx (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990) pp.ix + 426. $45.00 ISBN 0 631 17746 9.

J.‐P. Fitoussi and E.S. Phelps, The Slump in Europe: Reconstructing Open Economy Theory (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988) pp.xiii + 145. $29.95 ISBN 0 631 17181 9.

William M. Johnston, Celebrations: The Cult of Anniversaries in Europe and the United States Today. (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1991) pp.xii + 187. $n.p. ISBN 0 88738 375 0.

Boris Kagarlitsky (translator: Rick Simon), Farewell Perestroika: A Soviet Chronicle (London and New York: Verso, 1990) pp.vii + 217. $29.95 ISBN 0 86091 5085.

Sonia Kruks, Situation and Human Existence: Freedom, Subjectivity and Society (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990) pp.xv + 215. $19.95 ISBN 0 04 4454570.

Martin Laffin, Managing Under Pressure: Industrial Relations in Local Government (London: Macmillan, 1989) pp.xvi + 207. $27.95 ISBN 0 333 44660 7.

Mary Lyndon Shanley and Carole Pateman (eds), Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991) pp.x + 288. $29.95 ISBN 0 7456 07505 5.

John Mathews, Age of Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989) pp.vxii + 278. $16.95 ISBN 0 19 554923 6.

Thomas E. McCollough, The Moral Imagination and Public Life: Raising the Ethical) Question (New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, 1991) pp.xv + 176. $US14.95 ISBN 0 934540 85 3.

Ephraim Nimni, Marxism and Nationalism: Theoretical Origins of a Political Crisis (London: Pluto Press, 1991) pp.x + 242. £27.50 ISBN 0 04 442286 5.

Peter Osbome (ed.), Socialism and the Limits of Liberalism (London: Verso, 1991), pp.299. $32.95. ISBN 0 86091 543 3.

Suri Ratnapala, Welfare State or Constitutional State? (Sydney: Centre for Independent Studies, 1990) pp.xii + 113. $12.95 ISBN 0 949769 54 1.

L.J. Sharpe, The Anglo‐American Lexicon of the Social Sciences (Oxford: Trulex, 1990) pp.vi + 146. £10.00.

A. Sivanandan, Communities of Resistance: Writings on Black Struggles for Socialism (London: Verso, 1990) pp.ix + 250. $34.95 ISBN 0 86091 514 X.