The spread of Neolithic plant economies from the Near East to northwest Europe: a phylogenetic analysis

Phylogenetic techniques are used to analyse the spread of Neolithic plant economies from the Near East to northwest Europe as a branching process from a founding ancestor. The analyses are based on a database of c. 7500 records of plant taxa from 250 sites dated to the early Neolithic of the region in which they occur, aggregated into a number of regional groups. The analysis demonstrates that a phylogenetic signal exists in the data but it is complicated by the fact that in comparison with the changes that occurred when the crop agriculture complex expanded out of the Near East, once it arrived in Europe it underwent only limited further changes. On the basis of the analysis it has been possible to identify the species losses and gains that occurred as the complex of crops and associated weeds spread and to show the influence of geographical location and cultural affinity on the pattern of losses and gains. This has led to consideration of the processes producing that history, including some reasons why the dispersal process did not produce a perfect tree phylogeny, as well as to the identification of some specific anomalies, such as the unusual nature of the Bulgarian pattern, which raise further questions for the future.     

CLIENT GROUP ATTITUDES TOWARD ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY REGULATION*

A sample of local union officers was surveyed to determine the degree to which they supported the current approach to industrial safety regulation (the setting of safety standards under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970) as opposed to an alternative scheme (the imposition of an injury tax). Personal characteristics of the members of the sample were also obtained. These data were matched with the injury frequency rates of the industries in which the officers’ constituents were employed. Individuals surveyed tended to believe OSHA to have been an effective injury deterrent, although there were significant differences among groups within the sample. The establishment of safety standards was strongly supported as the “best” means to control industrial accidents.     

Stability in the South Pacific surface marine C reservoir over the last 750 years. Evidence from American Samoa, the southern Cook Islands and the Marquesas

Although minor climatic and sea-level changes have been documented for the South Pacific during the late Holocene, our understanding of the consequent impact of these changes on the marine ¹⁴C reservoir, and therefore the ¹⁴C content of shellfish, is limited. Ultimately, this has implications for documenting the chronology of human movement and adaptation in this region. In this paper we compare marine reservoir (ΔR) data obtained from tightly controlled archaeological proveniences with known-age, pre-AD 1950 shells from the southern Cook Islands, American Samoa, and Marquesas Islands. Results indicate that there has been no significant change in the near-shore marine reservoir in these three locations over the last ca. 750 years. Furthermore, known-age, pre-AD 1950 shell samples provide more precise ΔR values for use in sample calibration than archaeological paired shell/charcoal samples. This is attributed in part to the limitations of assigning provenance and age to material from archaeological sites. On the basis of these results we conclude that the known-age, pre-AD 1950 shell derived ΔR values can be used to calibrate shell ¹⁴C results from deposits of late Holocene age.     

De facto,displaced, tacit: The sovereign articulations of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile

Based on ethnographic research on exiled Tibetan political institutions and practices in India, this paper investigates sovereignty in exile. The Tibetan Government-in-Exile (TGiE) remains internationally unrecognised and lacks de jure sovereignty over territory in both Tibet and in exile. However, this exiled administration claims legitimacy as the official representative of the Tibetan population, performs a number of state-like functions in relation to its diasporic ‘citizenry’ and attempts to make its voice heard within the international community. Rejecting arguments that such entities should be viewed merely as discrepant forms of political practice, this paper asserts that the state, sovereignty, and territory can be conceptually disentangled, opening up the theoretical possibility of entities other than territorial states claiming sovereignty. In teasing apart and problematising constituent elements of sovereignty, this paper focuses on three aspects of the TGiE's articulations of sovereignty: its claims to and production of legitimacy, authority and de facto sovereignty; its displaced sovereignty and strategies of territorial governance over non-contiguous spaces in exile; and the mediation of its ambiguous relationship with the host state India through practices of tacit sovereignty.     

Book reviews

Sheldon W. Simon (ed.). East Asian Security in the Post‐Cold War Era. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1993. x + 230 pp. $US17.50 (paper), $US45.00 (cloth).

Chong‐Sik Lee (ed.). In Search of a New Order in East Asia. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1991. viii + 207 pp. $US15.00 (paper).

Rohana Mahmood (ed.). Peace in the Making: Proceedings of the Third Asia‐Pacific Roundtable. Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS), Malaysia, 1990. vi + 108 pp. £30.00 (cloth).

T.B. Millar and James Walter (eds). Asian‐Pacific Security After the Cold War. London: Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, 1992. iv + 125 pp. £8.50 (paper).

Kevin Clements (ed.). Peace and Security in the Asia Pacific Region. Palmerston North, NZ: The Dunmore Press, 1993. 400 pp. $29.95 (paper).

Peter Drysdale (ed.) in association with Martin O'Hare. The Soviets and the Pacific Challenge. Allen & Unwin (in association with the Australia‐Japan Research Centre, Australian National University, 1991. xxii+160pp. $17.95 (paper).

Richard W. Baker and Gary R. Hawke (eds). ANZUS Economics: Economic Trends and Relations Among Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1992. xii + 262 pp. No price given.

John Lewis Gaddis. The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. ix + 301 pp. $44.95 (cloth).

Michael Beschloss and Strobe Talbott. At the Highest Level: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War. London: Little, Brown and Company, 1993. xiv + 498 pp. $40.00 (cloth).

Richard Leaver and James Richardson (eds). The Post‐Cold War Order: Diagnoses and Prognoses. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993. vii + 278 pp. $24.95 (paper).

Barry Buzan, Charles Jones and Richard Little. The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. viii + 267 pp. US$46.00 (cloth), US$18.00 (paper).

James W. Lamare (ed.). International Crisis and Domestic Politics: Major Political Conflicts in the 1980s. New York: Praeger, 1991. viii + 192 pp. $US42.95 (cloth).

Anthony G. McGrew, Paul G. Lewis, et al. Global Politics: Globalization and the Nation‐State. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992. ix + 337 pp. $39.95 (paper).

James Der Derian. On Diplomacy. A Genealogy of Western Estrangement. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. vi + 258 pp. $39.95 (paper).

James Der Derian. Antidiplomacy. Spies, Terror, Speed and War. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1992. ix + 215 pp. $39.95 (paper).

Dayton Mak and Charles Stuart Kennedy. American Ambassadors in a Troubled World: Interviews with Senior Diplomats. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1992. viii + 231 pp. $US47.95 (cloth).

Joseph M. Siracusa. New Left Diplomatic Histories and Historians: The American Revisionists. Claremont, California: Regina Books, 1993. x + 132 pp. No price given.

George P. Shultz. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993. xiii + 1184 pp. $43.95 (cloth).

Walter Isaacson. Kissinger: A Biography. London: Faber and Faber, 1992. 893 pp. $27.95 (paper).

Torbjoem L. Knutsen. A History of International Relations Theory. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. ix + 298 pp. $37.50 (paper).

Desmond Ball and David Horner (eds). Strategic Studies in a Changing World: Global, Regional and Australian Perspectives. Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No. 89. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1992. xiv + 465 pp. $17.50 (paper).

David Campbell. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. ix + 269 pp. $45.00 (paper).

Richard Connaughton. Military Intervention in the 1990s: A New Logic of War. London: Routledge, 1992. xv + 198 pp. $45.00 (paper).

Asian Defence Policies: Great Powers and Regional Powers. Book One. Geelong: Deakin University Book Production Unit, 1992. 172 pp. No price given.

Emanuel Adler (ed.). The International Practice of Arms Control. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. xiv + 287 pp. $31.00 (paper).

Paul Keal (ed.). Ethics and Foreign Policy. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, in association with Department of International Relations, Australian National University, 1992. xiii + 259 pp. $24.95 (paper).

R.C. Smith. Ethics and Informal War. New York: Vantage Press, 1991. 213 pp. $US16.95 (cloth).

Malcolm Saunders. Quiet Dissenter: The Life and Thought of an Australian Pacifist. Eleanor May Moore, 1875–1949. Monograph No. 12, Peace Research Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1993. 398 pp. $16.00.

The Foundation for Development Cooperation. Banking With the Poor. Toowong, Qld: The Foundation for Development Cooperation, 1992. xiv + 223 pp. $15.00 (paper).

John Dunn (ed.). Democracy: The Unfinished Journey 508 BC to 1993 AD. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. xii + 290 pp. $54.95 (cloth).

David Held (ed.). Prospects for Democracy. North, South, East, West. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993. xi + 412 pp. $45.00 (paper).

Georg Serensen. Democracy and Democratization. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993. xv + 170 pp. $US13.95 (paper), $US49.50 (cloth).

Robert Pinkney. Democracy in the Third World. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993. ix + 182 pp. $39.95 (paper).

Eva Etzioni‐Halevy. The Elite Connection: Problems and Potential of Western Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993. vii + 239 pp. $39.95 (paper).

Lincoln Allison (ed.) The Changing Politics of Sport. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. viii + 238 pp. $45.00 (paper).

Laurie Zivetz et al. Doing Good: The Australian NGO Community. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991. xi + 288 pp. $24.95 (paper).

Bruce M. Koppel and Robert M. Orr (eds). Japan's Foreign Aid: Power and Policy in a New Era. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993. 378 pp. $US49.50 (paper).

Alan Rix. Japan's Foreign Aid Challenge: Policy Reform and Aid Leadership. London: Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series, 1993. 224 pp. $59.95 (cloth).

David Wright‐Neville. The Evolution of Japanese Foreign Aid, 1955–1990. Monograph No.2, Monash Development Studies Centre, Monash University, 1991. 122 pp. No price given.

Leslie Holmes. The End of Communist Power: Anti‐Corruption Campaigns and Legitimation Crisis. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993. xx + 358 pp. $29.95 (paper).

John Miller. Mikhail Gorbachev and the End of Soviet Power. Basingstoke, UK: The Macmillan Press, 1993. xviii + 267 pp. $36.95 (paper).

John Massey Stewart (ed.). The Soviet Environment: Problems, Policies and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. xv + 245 pp. $135 (cloth).

R. Higgott, R. Leaver and J. Ravenhill (eds). Pacific Economic Relations in the 1990s. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1993. xiv + 392 pp. $29.95 (paper).

Rodney V. Cole and Somsak Tambunlertchai (eds). The Future of Asia‐Pacific Economies: Pacific Islands at the Crossroads? Kuala Lumpur and Canberra: Asian and Pacific Development Centre and National Centre for Development Studies, 1993. x + 350 pp. $25.00.

Kevin Hewison, Richard Robison and Garry Rodan (eds). Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism. North Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993. vi + 249 pp. $22.95 (paper).

Stephen Frenkel (ed.). Organized Labor in the Asia‐Pacific Region: a Comparative Study of Trade Unionism in Nine Countries. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1993. xv + 413 pp. $US26.95 (paper), $US58.00 (paper).

Vitit Muntarbhorn. The Status of Refugees in Asia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. xi + 217 pp. $75.00 (cloth).

Ann Kent. Between Freedom and Subsistence: China and Human Rights. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1993. xiii + 293 pp. $25.95 (paper).

Ian Russell, Peter Van Ness and Beng‐Huat Chua. Australia's Human Rights Diplomacy. Canberra: Australian Foreign Policy Publications Program, Department of International Relations, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1992. vii+179 pp. $10.00 (paper).

June Grasso, Jay Corrin and Michael Kort. Modernisation and Revolution in China. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1991. xiii + 269 pp. $19.95 (paper).

Barbara Barnouin and Yu Changgen. Ten Years of Turbulence: The Chinese Cultural Revolution. London: Kegan Paul International, 1993. viii + 369 pp. £55.00 (cloth).

Wang Gungwu. The Chineseness of China: Selected Essays. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1991. ix + 354 pp. $42.50 (cloth).

Clement Tisdell. Economic Development in the Context of China. Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press, 1993. xiv + 218 pp. $65.95 (cloth).

Bob Lowry. Indonesian Defence Policy and the Indonesian Armed Forces. Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1993. 144 pp. $20.00 (paper).

K.S. Jomo (ed.). Industrialising Malaysia: Policy, Performance, Prospects. London: Routledge, 1993. xi + 354 pp. No price given.

Donald M. Nonini. British Colonial Rule and the Resistance of the Malay Peasantry, 1900–1957. New Haven: Southeast Asia Studies, Yale University, 1992. xiii + 237 pp. No price given.

Likhit Dhiravegin. Demi‐Democracy. The Evolution of the Thai Political System. Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1992. xiii + 242 pp. $US28.00 (paper).

Anek Laothamatas. Business Associations and the New Political Economy of Thailand: From Bureaucratic Polity to Liberal Corporatism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992. xiii + 202 pp. $US28.00 (paper).

Reynaldo C. Ileto and Rodney Sullivan (eds). Discovering Australasia. Essays on Philippine‐ Australian Interactions. Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University, 1993. xii + 215 pp. $25.00 (paper).

Robin Broad with John Cavanagh. Plundering Paradise. The Struggle for the Environment in the Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. xvi + 197 pp. No price given.

Dean Forbes, Terence Hull, David Marr and Brian Brogan (eds). Doi Moi: Vietnam's Renovation, Policy and Performance. Political and Social Change Monograph No. 14. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1991. xiv + 263 pp. $18.00 (paper).

Takashi Shiraishi and Motoo Furuta (eds). Indochina in the 1940s and 1950s. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, 1992. 196 pp. $US14.00 (paper).

David P. Chandler. Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1992. xiii + 254 pp. $19.95 (paper).

Mya Than. Myanmar's External Trade: An Overview in the Southeast Asian Context. Singapore: Asean Economic Research Unit, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1992. 116 pp. $S24.00 (paper).

Alastair Lamb. Kashmir: a Disputed Legacy. Hertingfordbury, UK: Roxford Books, 1991. xiv + 368 pp. £25.00 (cloth).

W. Howard Wriggins (ed.). Dynamics of Regional Politics: Four Systems on the Indian Ocean Rim. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992. xiv + 338 pp. $US46.00 (cloth).

Marina Ottaway. South Africa: The Struggle for a New Order. Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1993. xi + 250 pp. $US14.95 (paper), $US34.95 (cloth).

Gerhard Maré. Ethnicity and Politics in South Africa. London: Zed Books, 1993. xi+125 pp. $US17.50 (paper), $US49.95 (cloth).

Ian McGibbon (ed.). Undiplomatic Dialogue: Letters Between Carl Berendsen and Alister McIntosh 1943–1952. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1993. xx + 305 pp. $NZ29.95.

John Stevenson. Third Party Politics Since 1945: Liberals, Alliance and Liberal Democrats. Oxford: Blackwell/Institute of Contemporary British History, 1993. xii + 157 pp. $32.95 (paper).     

The excavation of 19th-century back-to-back housing and courts and the Kenyon Cutlery Works at the site of the Stephenson Blake-Type Foundry,Upper Allen Street,Kenyon Alley and Edward Street,Sheffield

SUMMARY: Between 2004 and 2007, ARCUS undertook a programme of archaeological work at the site of the Stephenson Blake-Type Foundry, Sheffield, in advance of redevelopment. This article will focus on the results of the below-ground investigations. The archaeological work provided information on the domestic character of the site, with examples of the houses and courts revealed, and the industrial character of the site relating to the former Kenyon Cutlery Works. Excavation informed on how the site was developed, and on the material culture relating to everyday occupation and manufacturing on site, and highlighted the close relationship between housing and works.     

Donkey Domestication

Donkeys are one of the least studied large domestic animals, even though they are economically important in many regions of the world. They are predominantly used as transport animals. Consequently, they are not kept in large numbers and this limits the number of archaeological specimens available for study. The donkey’s closest relative is the African wild ass, and genetic studies and zooarchaeological analyses of early donkeys indicate domestication of two genetically separate groups of wild asses in Africa. Maternal relationships revealed by mitochondrial DNA show that one group of donkeys was derived from the Nubian wild ass and that one was derived from an unknown ancestor distinct from the Somali wild ass.