沧州铁狮子健康监测数据采集系统的研究与应用

沧州铁狮子是世界上现存的最大铸铁狮子,其重要地位和所处的环境要求必须对其健康状况进行实时地监测和预警。针对其基础组成部分一沧州铁狮子健康监测数据采集系统进行了研究开发,首先分析了铁狮子传感器选型的影响因素并结合传感器自身的适用标准进行了具体的选型,然后进行了基于所选定传感器的硬件系统设计,运用Labview平台结合沧州铁狮子自身特点开发了一套采集软件系统,形成了一套完整的基于虚拟仪器技术的沧州铁狮子健康监测数据采集系统,最后成功将该系统应用于沧州铁狮子结构健康监测系统测试试验,证明了本套系统可为将来沧州铁狮子健康监测系统的实现提供重要支持。     

鸣鹤古城考——兼谈吐谷浑的历史沿革

鸣鹤城雄踞于洪和城东边沟口,近临扁都川,是通向洪和城之咽喉,从地理位置来看是扼守洪和城的军事要塞。吐谷浑创居之日,正值西晋亡国、地方势力纷纷割据之时;吐谷浑强盛之后,遭到北方政权的不断征讨,西秦、北魏、北周、隋唐都对吐谷浑国发动过大规模的战争。     

美国国会图书馆藏《陕境蜀道图》再探

美国国会图书馆收藏的清《陕境蜀道图》长卷,不具绘制者和时间。本文依据留坝厅、汉中府同知的设置,再辅以现存的有关碑石等实物,指出其绘制时间在乾隆三十年至四十年之间。并对图卷的绘制作了评估,对补绘者的内容及其评价,各地理信息和各行政区划、各县城作了分析,最后结合现存的清代栈道长卷,认为该图虽然绘制水平不高,但实用功能较强,仍不失为迄今为止最为完整的秦栈长卷,其价值也是不容忽视的。     

苏州阊西地区城市景观的形成与发展

苏州城西北门阊门以西一带自然风光优美,自古以来即是达官贵人的游冶迎送之地,至明代,则逐步形成显著的城市景观。阊西地区城市化的空间过程,是以阊门附近为核心,沿水道呈放射形带状发展的。本文考察自先秦吴国建都至明清时期阊西一带城市景观的形成和发展,重点探讨明清时期阊西地区城市化发展过程中城市职能分工所带来的景观差异。     

艰难的博弈:美国、中国与朝鲜战争的结束

艾森豪威尔当选美国总统后,急于结束朝鲜战争,为此目的而计划采取军事上的硬手段,发动强大的地面进攻,甚至企图诉诸核武器扩大战争的范围。与此形成鲜明对照的是,中国政府一直致力于打破停战谈判的僵局,早在斯大林去世前就在调整谈判政策,从而在推动战争结束的过程中发挥了决定性的作用。在此期间,华盛顿决策层一直考虑使用何种军事手段结束战争,最终明确制定了以核攻击为核心的政策。但无论何时,中国政府都不惧怕任何核威胁。通过与美国方面进行艰难的博弈,中国政府最终推动战争的结束,从而使朝鲜半岛恢复了和平。     

Characterisation of Chinese Tang sancai from Gongxian and Yaozhou kilns using ICP-MS trace element and TIMS Sr–Nd isotopic analysis

Tang sancai is one of the most important types of Chinese ceramics. To determine the provenance of Tang sancai is important to study ancient trade and other issues. In this paper we compare ICP-MS trace elements and TIMS Sr–Nd isotopes of visibly similar Tang sancai from two major production centres Gongxian and Yaozhou. The variation in contents/ratios of many of >40 trace elements is small for samples from Gongxian, yet is considerably bigger for that from Yaozhou. However, the variation in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotopic ratios is very small for samples from both places. Gongxian and Yaozhou samples have distinctive Sr–Nd isotopic and trace element features despite their similarity in major elements, and these analysis data can be interpreted with geochemistry, indicating that Sr and Nd isotopes have great potential in ceramic provenance studies. The distinct characterisation of these samples provides valuable criteria for identifying provenance of Tang sancai of uncertain origin. Two modern fakes are also analysed, and they can as well be distinguished from antique Tang sancai using above criteria.     

吐蕃尚论沿革研究

“尚”和“论”是吐蕃王朝两类来源不同的高中级官员,本文主要依据藏文史料分别就其历史沿革做了系统探讨,认为论主要来自一般贵族,尚来自吐蕃赞普母系亲属,二者是吐蕃官僚机构中的主要成员。     

Revisiting the lead isotopic compositions of the Shang bronzes at Hanzhong and the new hypothesis of Qinling as the source of highly radiogenic lead

The provenance of the highly radiogenic lead (HRL) contained in Chinese Shang bronzes has attracted great scholarly attention in recent years. A new study of the Hanzhong Shang bronzes has put forward a hypothesis that the HRL metal may come from the adjacent Qinling Mountains. This article reanalyses the lead isotope ratios and alloy compositions of the Hanzhong bronzes. Combining the analytical results, the modern ore data and the slags from Guanzhong area, we propose that there is no direct evidence to identify Qinling as the provenance of HRL metal (especially lead). Whilst over 80% of the Hanzhong bronzes contain HRL, the indigenous artefacts containing both HRL and special alloying elements (As, Sb, Ni) account only for minor portions. This fact cannot verify that HRL originates from Qinling, and even makes it difficult to prove that most of the Hanzhong bronzes use local metal resources. An alternative argument might be that the HRL used in Hanzhong derived from the Shang dynasty. The use of HRL reflects a unified system for allocating metal resources centred on the Shang kingdom, which has great significance for further understanding of the resource circulation patterns among different bronze cultures and locations during the Shang period.     

经学潜流:夏曾佑、刘师培编纂历史教科书的学源探析

清代道咸以降,学术格局发生了深刻变化,经学相对于乾嘉时期总体上渐趋式微,而史学有所更新和发展.但值得注意的是,晚清民国的经学不仅论著繁多,而且对史学、子学乃至文学领域的影响并未消退.夏曾佑、刘师培是清末"新史学"的主要实践者,而经学渊源不同,史学观点也多差异.其所撰历史教科书尤为典型地体现了经学传统的深层影响,反映了清末经、史之学的复杂关联.     

Chemical profiling of a 130-year-old manuscript reveals the early use of synthetic lead white correction fluid in ancient China

In practice, correction fluid to mask text errors has been continuously in demand since papers began to be predominantly used since the late fourth century AD in ancient China. However, research on the trajectory of correction fluid composition has been largely overlooked and has not been revealed currently. In this study, a multianalytical approach was used to investigate a thin whiteout layer, used as correction fluids applied in 1890, on a book page from the famous Imperial Encyclopedia (1726 bronze-type repaint version). The results showed that the white layer was composed of hydrocerussite ((PbCO₃)₂·Pb (OH)₂) in mixture with plant oil and a tiny portion of calcium carbonate, which had been applied to conceal the originally printed Chinese characters upon which they were rewritten in preparing photographic negatives for reprinting using photolithography. The analysis results also suggest that lead white was likely domestically made using a local lead ore source by the wet synthetic process. Considering the prolonged use of orpiment (As₂S₃) as a correction fluid ingredient in Chinese tradition, a trajectory to lead white suggests not only advances in pulping and papermaking technology but also a shift in cultural habits and aesthetic psychology in the late Qing Dynasty.