Sourcing copper ores for production of bronzes excavated at Shuangyantang,a Western Zhou (1046–771 <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">bc</Emphasis>) site in Chongqing (Southwest China): evidence from lead isotope analysis

Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and lead isotope analyses were applied to 12 Western Zhou (1046–771 bc) bronzes unearthed from the Shuangyantang site in Wushan County, Chongqing (southwest China), to investigate their chemical compositions and possible mineral source(s). The results showed that (1) the investigated bronzes were mostly bronzes with low, common lead and (2) their lead isotopic values almost all fall into a relatively narrow range, suggesting possibly the use of raw materials from a common copper mine. The comparison between lead isotopic values for Shuangyantang bronzes and those already published for copper mines and other bronzes produced and used about at the same times leads us to believe that the Shuangyantang bronzes probably used the same copper ores as used in bronzes from the Peng and Jin states in Shanxi Province. However, it would not be possible at this point to come up with a clear idea of where exactly these copper ores may come from. Candidate copper mines might be the Tonglvshan mines in Hubei Province, the Zhongtiaoshan mines in Shanxi Province, or the Dajing copper mines in Inner Mongolia.     

Cultural revitalisation after catastrophe: the Qiang culture in A’er

The culture of the Qiang ethnic minority in Western China has been threatened by assimilation with the majority culture, and many Qiang no longer take part in traditional ceremonies or use their cultural skills and knowledge. The devastating 2008 earthquake in Sichuan killed a 10th of the Qiang population and destroyed monuments, houses and villages. The Beijing Cultural Heritage Protection Centre (CHP), a citizen volunteer non-governmental organisation, launched a project to help a Qiang village named A’er preserve its intangible and tangible cultural heritage. This paper describes the damage that was done and the needs of the Qiang people in the remote village of A’er, which is generally considered one of the last major repositories of traditional Qiang culture. The A’er people, despite their desperate situation, were determined to save their cultural heritage. The CHP team, working with them, provided necessary instruments and methods for recording. The Qiang people of A’er village themselves decided what they would record and produced an introduction to the A’er Qiang culture named ‘The A’er Archive’ and an elementary conversation booklet over which A’er villagers explicitly maintained copyright.     

两德统一的外交史:史料、论争与前景

两德统一被誉为20世纪国际史上最为重大的事件之一。它的出人意料、多面复杂以及急速推进吸引了大批学者的密切关注。从两德实现统一到其后的第一个十年,学者、新闻记者、参与统一的政治家纷纷撰写了各自版本的"历史的初稿",勾勒出了两德统一外交的粗略轮廓。随着各国外交档案的陆续解密,学者们由此而形成的"第二稿的历史"对统一进程展开了深入、细化的研究,并围绕是何因素推动了德国统一、英法在两德统一中的作用、德美在统一中谁更重要以及什么样的德国对外政策促成了统一等问题展开了学术论争。未来的研究需以多边档案为依托,在厘清存疑史实的基础上利用多视角的分析框架重构历史本身,并借由"历史眼光"对其准确定位。     

法国宗教改革时期纯洁派与新教之间的谱系建构问题

纯洁派是欧洲中世纪中后期法国南部的一个"异端"派别,14世纪时已完全绝迹。然而,在16世纪法国宗教改革时期,纯洁派却被普遍视为法国新教的先驱。当时,天主教和新教在几乎所有问题上都壁垒分明,但在对这一"谱系"的认定和坚持上两者却有着惊人的一致性。之所以出现这种现象,与当时法国的政治宗教形势以及天主教和新教各自的论战策略密切相关。天主教学者从纯洁派被十字军镇压的历史中得到启示,更加坚定地要用武力清除新教这一"异端"。新教思想家则在罗马教会迫害纯洁派的历史中看到了自身的影子,并意外发现了在论辩中反败为胜的机会。于是,他们变被动为主动,将纯洁派和新教之间的谱系关系嵌入新教教会的历史中。     

THE STORY OF COUNTRYDOCTOR DEBU

正On the afternoon of July 11,2015,with the company of a Tibetan girl named Phuntsog,I paid a visit to Doctor Debu,who works in a rural health center of Karma County within Karuo District,Chamdo City,Tibet Autonomous Region.The health center is located in the village of Litu,not too far from the county government.This simple hospital is surrounded by a few compounds with an area of a few hundred square meters,among which there are two recently built     

我国建立市场经济过程中的反贫困战略

我国贫困地区占全国总面积1/3以上,加速贫困地区经济发展对于我国的社会主义现代化建设具有重大意义。本文分析了贫困地区的形成原因,概述了改革开放以来扶贫开发工作的成就,在建立社会主义市场经济的新形势下贫困地区面临的挑战,提出了跨世纪的反贫困战略。     

略论现代化国际性城市的基本特征

现代化城市具有总体布局合理、基础设施完善、环境质量优良、第三产业发达等基本特征;国际性城市则主要以经济实力雄厚、国际投资与金融机构众多、科技教育事业发达、城市风貌独特、连接国内与世界经济等为其标志。     

民居中的奇迹——福建的土楼

土楼是福建西南部以永定为中心的客家人的民居。这种民居非常特殊,有方形、园形。多为四层,中间为庭院。居民多属同族、同宗、同姓。它是北方因战乱而南迁的移民带来的。在东汉以后。北方战乱,大姓士绅多聚居建成坞壁,作为保护自己。客家人南迁到福建西南,在少数民族与荒野之中,也采取这种形式建筑以适应防守需要。永居的土楼在当地环境亦有发展,特别是园形土楼,形成独特形式。由于客家人聚族迁移此地,土楼既适应其特殊环境,而且也进一步促进了客家人以耕读为中心的强大内聚力的文化的发展。因此,土楼既是客家文化的一种外在景观,又是其文化内涵的外在条件。     

东北平原农田防护林网景观的行为地理效应

东北平原农田防护林网是本区广大人民经过十余年的努力共同创造的宏伟景观,对改造自然、保护农业生产起到重要作用,这一独特景观的形成是人类作用于环境的一次积极尝试、并被事实验证是成功的,这一景观形成后在改造自然环境的同时也影响了人们的生产和生活行为,本文旨在根据行为地理学的基本理论初步分析该景观的行为地理效应。     

机助制图在土地定级中的应用研究——以塘沽为例

本文对用计算机系统协助设计、制作土地定级系列图进行了尝试。利用编制的辅助绘图程序,加速了成图周期,提高了制图质量。并对不同CAD系统间图形相互转换进行了分析,实现了土地定级系列图从TekniCAD到AutoCAD系统中的移植。对机助制图的优势进行了阐述。