The Concept of Taboo in Raga,Vanuatu: Semantic Mapping and Etymology

This article discusses the two terms that convey the concept of taboo in Raga, the language of north‐central Vanuatu originally spoken in north Pentecost, and provides linguistic evidence expanding on the information published previously by the anthropologists Masanori Yoshioka and John Patrick Taylor. Based on the corpus collected in north Pentecost in the period 2015–2017, and on older ethnographic and religious written material, a semantic map is proposed for the two taboo‐related Raga terms: sabuga and gogona. Reviewing the terms that designate the concept of ‘taboo’ in the neighbouring languages, the study also explores the possibility of borrowing and semantic interference from other languages, and proposes that sabuga is a reflex of Proto Oceanic *tabu, albeit an irregular reflex, and gogona a reflex of Proto North and Central Vanuatu*kona ‘sacred, taboo’.     

山东省泰安市农业空间生产资本化特征及模式研究

农业生产空间是农村基本功能的载体。从资本“三重循环”视角出发,将“空间的生产”理论引入农业研究,提出并构建农业空间生产资本化的作用逻辑及其特征表征,并以山东省泰安市村庄为研究单元,研究其农业空间生产资本化特征、模式表征及空间规律。发现,泰安市农业生产具有资本投入集约化、空间生产集中化、组织分工专业化等特征;农业空间生产资本化模式共有四种,在空间上呈现出以中心城区为圆心,圈层式向外拓展的规律性,农业空间生产资本化度和三重特征都表现出由内向外先增后缓降的格局。在乡村振兴背景下,识别村庄农业发展模式,根据要素条件,分类指导农业种植结构调整,有利于促进农村多功能有机融合,实现乡村农业产业兴旺发展目标。     

聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液的表征、性能及其在彩绘类文物保护中的应用

聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)乳液是常见的彩绘类文物保护材料。采用激光粒度仪、热重/差热分析、红外光谱、X-射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等表征了PVAc乳液的粒径以及胶膜的热稳定性、结构和形貌;采用粘度计、表面张力仪、pH计、电导率仪等研究了乳液浓度与其粘度、表面张力、pH、电导率的关系;通过冻融、室温-高温放置、离心分离研究了乳液的稳定性;同时用PVAc乳液对模拟起甲和酥碱的壁画进行了修复。结果表明,PVAc乳液粒径呈双峰分布,小粒子的平均粒径为380 nm,大粒子的平均粒径为5.85μm;乳液胶膜为非结晶物质,胶膜热重的最终质量残留为1.54%,335℃出现放热峰。PVAc乳液的电导率随浓度的增大而增大,pH随浓度的增大而下降;相同温度下表面张力随浓度的增大而基本呈现低浓度下降,高浓度上升的趋势。相同浓度下,表面张力随温度升高而无显著变化,表明PVAc乳液的表面张力受温度变化影响不大。相同温度下,乳液粘度随浓度的增大而增大;相同浓度下,乳液的粘度随温度的升高而降低。冻融、离心分离和不同温度下静置发现,该乳液出现分层。用该乳液对模拟起甲和酥碱壁画修复后,再分别老化20个循环和12个循环,发现颜料层再次空鼓、起甲。综合分析,说明实验中所使用的该种PVAc稳定性和抗老化能力较弱,在修复彩绘类文物中应慎重选择PVAc的种类,综合考虑PVAc的使用浓度、环境因素对其性能的影响,以达到最佳使用效果。     

民国北京自杀救助中"先警后医"现象的逻辑考察

北京市档案馆藏民国档案显示,自杀发生后,存在大量知情人首选报告警察,然后由警协同将自杀者送往医院进行急救的"先警后医"现象.医院与基层警察网络分布上空间距离差异,以及官、私医院在救治中公益与盈利的差别,是市民急救时在时间与经济成本方面的基本考量因素,而送医者家庭经济状况与急救的经济成本则是决策时的关键变量.北京现代警政制度的建立,警政职能的市政化,公立医院的设立,不但为市民应急求助提供了制度支撑,也为大量家庭及经济困难者挽救自杀者的生命提供了保障.这一历史现象表明,在自杀发生过程中及时急救,制止自杀死亡结果的出现,降低自杀率,建立以警方、医院为核心多方联动的自杀干预与救助体系是非常重要的.     

南明隆武朝福京乡试考论

隆武帝在明清政权更迭、社会动荡的非常时期,为收拾人心,聚拢人才,稳定政权,抵御清兵南侵,宣布在福京、广东、广西、云南、贵州等省开科取士.福京乡试作为隆武帝的"龙飞首科",得到君臣的高度重视.然因郑芝龙等武臣的阻挠,原定隆武二年三月的福京乡试一拖再拖,最终于是年六月才在福京天兴府举行.文章根据大量史料,考知该科乡试主考官、同考官、提调官、监临官等部分职事官之姓名爵里;录取人数则在崇祯十五年所确定的福建乡试解额105名的基础上,"特旨广额七十名",后复试黜落4名,最终选拔录取举人171名.福京乡试开科不久,隆武政权即在清军强大的攻势下覆亡,但其选拔录取的一批科举人才,却对郑成功的抗清事业发挥了重要作用.     

清代烟草税收研究

烟税在当今中国的财政收入中有重要的地位,而烟税并非朝夕形成的.烟草自明万历年间传入之后,中国历届政府随即开始了烟禁政策.烟禁失败以后,则开始对烟草实行征税政策,清朝初年形成了较为系统的烟草税收.清朝前期的烟草税收,主要分为烟草商品税与烟草关税,烟草一般作为"百货"与其他商品统一征税.晚清时期,清政府开始征收烟草厘金,烟厘被从厘金之中提出,与酒厘形成烟酒税,成为政府财政收入的重要来源,逐渐演变成当今的烟税.     

1930年代中叶乡贤推选活动考论

1934年,在新生活运动发起后不久,蒋介石在南昌发布通令,要求各省分别推选历代乡贤,报送中央,作为本省楷模.这场乡贤推选活动以激发民族精神和增进国家认同为宗旨,是蒋介石及国民政府在意识形态领域塑造统一价值信仰的重要举措.活动发起后,在各地得到一定程度上的响应.各省围绕乡贤推选办法、乡贤具体名单、乡贤事略编纂等问题展开激烈讨论.乡贤推选活动是1930年代中叶由官方发动、民间参与的一场文化活动,最终因抗战的全面爆发而终止,虽曾在各地营造起崇敬乡贤、团结同乡的社会氛围,但并没有起到为国民党政权凝聚人心的作用.     

Investigating self-reported food allergy prevalence in Waterloo Region,Canada

While food allergy prevalence has been studied at the national level, we know little of food allergy prevalence or perceptions of prevalence/management at the local level. This paper uses Waterloo Region as a case study to 1) document self-reported individual and household food allergy and sensitivity prevalence at the local level; 2) investigate perceptions of food allergy prevalence; and 3) explore perceived confidence in anaphylaxis management. Survey data were collected from January to March 2019. Respondents (n = 500) self-reported individual and household food allergy and sensitivity, estimated the percentage of Canadians with food allergy, and were queried about their knowledge of food allergy management. Prevalence estimates were weighted to the structure of the 2016 Canadian Census, and univariate and bivariate analysis were conducted. Prevalence of self-reported food allergy was 12.1% (95%CI, 8.8%-15.3%), and prevalence of self-reported food sensitivity was 26.3% (95%CI, 21.9%-30.7%). When asked to estimate the percentage of Canadians with food allergy, the mean perceived percentage was 35.1% (SD = 22.96). Self-reported prevalence of food allergy appears higher in Waterloo Region, and the estimated percentage of Canadians with food allergy is inflated. Understanding prevalence and perceptions at the local level is important for targeted allocation of public health resources to ensure safe spaces for individuals with food allergy.     

Political institutions,punctuated equilibrium theory,and policy disasters

This paper develops a theory of the relationship between policy disasters and political institutions. Policy disasters, defined as avoidable, unintended extreme negative policy outcomes, are important political, and historical events above that receive relatively little attention from political scientists and scholars of public policy. Using the predictions of punctuated equilibrium theory, I argue that systems with higher error accumulation will experience more policy disasters. Systems with more veto players and weaker information flows will experience more policy disasters, but information flows will have a stronger impact than veto players. I test this theory using data on financial crises and natural and technological disasters across 70 countries over 60 years. I find strong evidence that systems with weaker information flows and more veto players tend to have greater policy disaster risk.