古代建筑油饰彩绘传统工艺的科学化研究

为了获得传统建筑彩绘工艺过程中的相关科学信息,以传统彩绘工艺过程为基础,利用光学显微镜、电子扫描显微镜、红外光谱、紫外可见光谱、动态粘弹谱、冷冻干燥、化学发光、视频接触角等手段对相关物料在传统工艺操作下的相互作用进行了系统研究.研究主要集中在揭示用于地仗制作物料的功能及其原理.研究结果表明:传统工艺蕴涵着深刻的科学内涵.用于彩绘的地仗是一个典型的复合材料,这种复合材料优越的性能来自于各物质间显著的协同作用.每种物料在其中的作用均可以利用现代科学理念给予阐释.这些理念包括聚合反应、高分子薄膜的固化作用、应力分散、网络结构以及物料相容性等.这些研究结果不仅对传统工艺的理解具有重要的意义,而且对于传统彩绘修复乃至当今复合材料研究也具有重要价值.     

The p‐Regions Problem. p‐区域问题

The p‐regions problem involves the aggregation or clustering of n small areas into p spatially contiguous regions while optimizing some criteria. The main objective of this article is to explore possible avenues for formulating this problem as a mixed integer‐programming (MIP) problem. The critical issue in formulating this problem is to ensure that each region is a spatially contiguous cluster of small areas. We introduce three MIP models for solving the p regions problem. Each model minimizes the sum of dissimilarities between all pairs of areas within each region while guaranteeing contiguity. Three strategies designed to ensure contiguity are presented: (1) an adaptation of the Miller, Tucker, and Zemlin tour‐breaking constraints developed for the traveling salesman problem; (2) the use of ordered‐area assignment variables based upon an extension of an approach by Cova and Church for the geographical site design problem; and (3) the use of flow constraints based upon an extension of work by Shirabe. We test the efficacy of each formulation as well as specify a strategy to reduce overall problem size.     

Building local nodes in a global sector: Clustering within the aeronautics industry in Montreal

This article analyzes the mechanisms through which metropolitan governance is established in Montreal's aeronautics sector, one of the most important and innovative industries in the region. The article also examines the role of lead firms, socio‐economic actors, and public agencies from a territorial point of view. It is established that on the one hand the existence of a small number of prime producers at the local level facilitates productive linkages among businesses through subcontracting, and on the other hand, the intensive participation of intermediate socio‐economic agencies and organizations ensures a metropolitan anchoring of the sector and creates a strong territorial identity among the players.     

A Static Nonlinear Procedure for the Evaluation of the Elastic Buckling of Anchored Steel Tanks Due to Earthquakes

Ground-supported steel tanks experienced extensive damage in past earthquakes. The failure of tanks in earthquakes may cause severe environmental damage and economic losses. This study deals with the evaluation of the elastic buckling of above-ground steel tanks anchored to the foundation due to seismic shaking. The proposed nonlinear static procedure is based on the capacity spectrum method (CSM) utilized for the seismic evaluation of buildings. Different from the standard CSM, the results are not the base shear and the maximum displacement of a characteristic point of the structure but the minimum value of the horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) that produces buckling in the tank shell. Three detailed finite element models of tank-liquid systems with height to diameter ratios H/D of 0.40, 0.63, and 0.95 are used to verify the methodology. The 1997 UBC design spectrum and response spectra of records of the 1986 El Salvador and 1966 Parkfield earthquakes are used as seismic demand. The estimates of the PGA for the occurrence of first elastic buckling obtained with the proposed nonlinear static procedure were quite accurate compared with those calculated with more elaborate dynamic buckling studies. For all the cases considered, the proposed methodology yielded slightly smaller values of the critical PGA for the first elastic buckling compared to the dynamic buckling results.     

Strategic management for visitor-oriented museums

Abstract: Strategic management is a familiar concept in for-profit organisations but is relatively new to museums. This paper presents and discusses a model of strategic management for visitor-oriented museums that aims to be more comprehensive than current approaches. It shows how museums can overcome the tension between the strategic demand to develop visitor-oriented museum services and the duties and social mandate of museums as public institutions that are defined by cultural policy—enabling access to cultural heritage, promoting broad cultural participation and providing informal education. Visitor-oriented strategic museum management is concerned with attracting a variety of visitors as well as the development of museum services that are appropriate to diverse museum audiences. The model presented here emphasises the comprehensive strategic management concept. Audience research and evaluation are shown to be valuable analytic and revision tools for strategic management in visitor-oriented museums.     

Reception,wit, and the unity of Virgil's Georgics 1

This essay considers the ways in which the reception of Virgil's Georgics in eighteenth-century English verse may inform, enrich and complicate present-day readings of Virgil, focusing on questions raised by readers’ detection of wit or humorousness in Virgil and by the critical aim of discovering poetic unity in the Georgics.