Five thousand years of atmospheric Ni,Zn, As,and Cd deposition recorded in bogs from NW Iberia: prehistoric and historic anthropogenic contributions

The analysis of environmental archives from across the world has demonstrated that human perturbation of the geochemical cycles of trace metals and the resultant atmospheric metal contamination date back, at least, several millennia. However, an understanding of the local processes and timing of changes in trace metal deposition is also essential for a proper global interpretation. The Iberian Peninsula was a major mining area since prehistoric times and the analysis of environmental archives provides a good opportunity to improve our understanding of the history of mining and metallurgy in Europe. We present the results from three ¹⁴C dated peat cores from the Xistral Mountains (NW Iberia). These records are used to reconstruct past atmospheric deposition of Ni, Zn, As, and Cd. The chronology of the changes in concentrations and metal accumulation rates was found to be concordant in the three bogs, and showed great similarity to total Pb, Hg, and Pb isotope ratios as determined in previous investigations. They present a consistent view of changes in atmospheric pollution and the importance of metals in the development of human societies, especially: i) the first evidence of atmospheric metal pollution 3400 years ago, which is simultaneous with the expansion of the Atlantic Bronze Koine; ii) a pollution event between 2350 and 2150 years ago, associated to the development of so-called Celtic culture (local Late Iron Age); iii) a dramatic increase of metal fluxes in Roman times; iv) a severe and rapid increase in the last 250 years corresponding to the beginning of the industrial revolution in Europe, reflecting the emergence of the new dominant sources of pollution, and v) the increase of long range atmospheric transport of pollutants. Our data suggest that all detected ancient (until ca. 1450 cal BP) periods of enhanced Ni, Zn, As, and Cd accumulation may have had an anthropogenic origin, related to the onset and development of mining and metallurgy.     

Reviews of Books

Arthur Waldron. The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. xiii, 296. $39.30 (us) Reviewed by John W. Dardess

Michael Mccormick. Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Eariy Medieval West. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. xx, 454. $4950 (us) Reviewed by Jonathan Shepard

Sylvia Schein. Fideles Cruets: The Papacy, the West, and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1274-1314. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press,1991. Pp. x, 310. $96.50 (CDN) Reviewed by James M. Powell

Donald M. Nicol. Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Pp. x, 465. $65.00(us). Reviewed by Irene B. Katele

Mikiso Hane. Premodem Japan: A Historical Survey. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1991. Pp. xii, 258. $45-oo (us), dodi; $15.95 (us). paper Reviewed by Karl F. Friday

Albert Hourani. A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1991. Pp. xx, 551. $24.95 (us). Reviewed by Donald Malcolm Reid

Peter Brock. Freedom from Violence: Sectarian Nonresistance from the Middle Ages to the Great War. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. Pp. x, 385.$5500 (CDN) Reviewed by Robert L. Holmes

Tom Scott and Bob Sckibner, eds. The German Peasants' War: A History in Documents. Atlantic Highlands, N.J. and London: Humanities Press International, 1991. Pp. xvii, 355. $60.00 (us) Reviewed by Thomas F. Sba

Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Strangers within the Realm:Cultural Margins of the First British Empire. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. Pp. 456. $39.93 (us), clodi; $14.95 (us). paper Reviewed by Robert Olwell

George S. Keyes. Minor of Empire: Dutch Marine Art of the Seventeenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. xiv, 444. $65.00 (us) Reviewed by J.R. Jones

Desmond Gregory. Minorca, the Illusory Prize: A History of the British Occupations of Minorca between 1708 and 1802. Rudierford: Farieigh Dickinson University Press; London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1989.Pp. 395- S38.50 (us) Reviewed by N.A.M. Rodger

Richard B. Sher and Jeffrey R. Smitten, eds. Scotland and America in the Age of the Enlightenment. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. Pp. xii,307. $4500 (us) Reviewed by Eric Richards

Kenneth J. Hagan. This People's Navy: The Making of American Sea Power. New York: Free Press (MacmiHan), 1991. Pp. xiii, 434. $27.95 (us) Reviewed by Anthony S. Nicolosi

William Jeffrey Welsh and David Curtis Skaggs, eds. War on the GreatLakes: Essays Commemorating the 175th Anniversary of the Battle of Lake Eric. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991. Pp. vi, 154. $29.00 (us), clodi;$17.50 (us), paper Reviewed by Jane Errington

Eugene L. Rasok. British Naval History situe 1815: A Guide to the Literature. New York: Garland, 1990. Pp. xxi, 841. $90.00 (us) Reviewed by Bryan Ranft

Carl Van Dyke. Russian Imperial Military Doctrine and Education, 1832-1914. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1990. Pp. xvi, 193. $55.00 (us) Reviewed by Keith Neilson

Clive Moore, Jacquelin B. Leckie, and Doug Munbo, eds. Labour, in the South Pacific. Townsville: James Cook University of Northern Queensland,1990. Pp. li, 335- $30.00 (us) Reviewed by I.C. Campbell

William F. Sateh. The United States and the Americas: Chile and the United States: Empires in Conflict. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990. Pp. xi,249. $30.00 (us), clodi; $15.00 (us), paper Reviewed by Brian Loveman

James Petras and Morris Morley. US Hegemony under Siege: Class, Politics and Development in Latin America. London: Verso, 1990. Pp. viii, 258. £32.95,doth; £10.95, paper Reviewed by Richard H. Collin

Frank Niess. A Hemisphere to Itself: A History of US-Latin American Relations, Tans. Harry Drost. London and New Jersey: Zed Press; dist. Adantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International, 1990. Pp. xx, 229. $15.95us), paper Reviewed by Richard H. Collin

Frank Mcnitt. Navajo Wars: Military Campaigns, Slave Raids, and Reprisals. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990. Pp. xv, 477. $18.50(us) Reviewed by Ted J. Warner

Richard Gray. Black Christians and White Missionaries. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990. Pp. viii, 134. $20.00 (us) Reviewed by M.F.C. Bourdillon

Heinz Joachim Domnick. Der Krieg der Tripel-Allianz in der deutschen Historiographie uni Pubtizistik: Zur Erforschung des historischen Lateinamerikabildcsim 19. uni zo.Jahrhuniert. New York: Peter Lang, 1990. Pp. 291. $64.80 (us) Reviewed by Friedrich E. Schuller

John Kendle. Ireland and the Federal Solution: The Debate over the United Kingdom Constitution, 1870-1921. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1989. Pp. vii, 295. $34.95 (CDN) Reviewed by Keith Jeffey

Andreas Osterhaus. Europäiscker Terraingewinn in Sckwarzafiica: Das Vcrkâltnisvon Presse und Verwaltung in seeks Kolonien Deutschtands, Frankreicks und Groβbritanniens von 1894 bis 1914. New York: Peter Lang, 1990. Pp. 521.$68.80 (us) Reviewed by J.K. Osterhammel

Brian Digre. Imperialism's New Clothes: The Repartition of Tropical Africa, 1914-1919. New York: Peter Lang, 1990. Pp. xiii, 225. $44.95 (us) Reviewed by J.K. Osterhammel

Elizabeth A. Muenger. The British Military Dikmma in Ireland: OccupationPolitics, 1886-1914. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991. Pp. ix, 234.$29-95 (US) Reviewed by Ian E.W. Beckett

Haim Shamir, ed. France and Germany in an Age of Crisis 1900-1960: Studies in Memory of Chartes Bloch. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1990. Pp. vi, 411. $75.00 (us) Reviewed by Carole Fink

Samuel R. Williamson, JR. Austria and the Origins of the First World War. London: Macmillan, 1991. Pp. xviii, 272. £35.00, cloth; £9.99, paper Reviewed by F.R. Bridge

Dennis E. Showaltek. Tannenberg: Clash of Empires. Hamden, Conn.:Archon Books, 1991. Pp. vii, 419. $42.50 (us) Reviewed by John W. Steinberg

Denis Winter. Haig's Command: A Reassessment. London: Viking, 1991. Pp.36a. £18.99 Reviewed by Gerard J. De Groot

Louis P. Cassimatis. American Influence in Greece, 1917-1929. Kent, Ohio:Kent State University Press, 1988. Pp. xiii, 300. $25.00 (us) Reviewed by Mark Mazower

Houshang Sabahi. British Policy in Persia 1918-1925. London: Frank Cats,1990. Pp. 269. £30.00 Reviewed by J.R. Ferris

Barry Eichencreen. Elusive Stability: Essays in the History of International Finance, 1919-1939. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. xi, 335.$49-95 (us) Reviewed by Sheila M. Rimmer

Norman Ingram. The Politics of Dissent: Pacifism in France 1910-1939. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1991. Pp. x, 366.$100.00 (CDN) Reviwied by Robert J. Young

Marc Raeff. Russia Abroad: A Cultural History of the Russian Emigration, 1919-1039. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Pp. viii, 239. $41.95 (CDN) Reviewed by T.R. Ravindranathan

Stephen J. Valons. 'A Policy Calculated to Benefit China': The United States and the China Arms Embargo, 1919-1929. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1991.Pp. xxii, 155. $39.95 (us) Reviewed by Paul A. Varg

Michael J. Nozinski. Outrage at Uncheng: China Enters the Twentieth Century. Scarborough, Ont.: Glenbridge Publishing, 1991. Pp. xxiii, 243. $28.95(CDN) Reviewed by Nicholas R. Clifford

Chalmers Johnson. An Instance of Treason: Ozaki Hotsumi and the Sorge Spy Ring. Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1990. Pp. 324. $39.50 (us),cloth; $12.95 (us), paper Reviewed by Hilary Conroy

Robert Allan Doughty. The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France, 1940. Hamden, Conn.: Shoe String Press, 199a Pp. xiv, 374. $39.50 (us) Reviewed by S.P. MacKenzie

Arthur J. Marder, Mark Jacobsen, and John Horsfibld. Old Friends New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy: Volume II: The Pacific War, 1942-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Pp. xxx, 6a 1.$60.00 (us) Reviewed by Andrew Lambert

Mawb-Luisb Reckbr. Die Aussenpolitik des Dritten Retches. Munich: R.Oldenbourg Vedag, 1990. Pp. viii, 135. DM28 Reviewed by Robert Gellately

Alison R. Bernstein. American Indians and World War II: Toward a New Erain Indian Affairs. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.Pp. xiv, 247. $21.95 (us) Reviewed by Ted J. Warner

M.R.D. Foot, ed. Holland at War against Hitler. London: Frank Cass, 1990.Pp. XX, 258.,£2500 Reviewed by Werner Warmbrunn

Ann Trotter. New Zealand and Japan 1945-1932: The Occupation and the Peace Treaty. London and Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Athlone Press, 199a Pp. viii,231-U99S (us) Reviewed by Michael Schaller

Michael Wala. Winning the Peace: Amerikanische Aussenpolitik uni der Councilon Foreign Relations, 1945-1950. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990. Pp. 331.DM68 Reviewed by Thomas Alan Schwartz

Douglas Stuaht and William Tow. The Limits of Alliance: NATO Out-of-Area Problems since 1949. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. x, 383. $42.50 (us) Reviewed by Don M. Cregier

Thomas Alan Schwartz. America's Germany: John. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany. Cambridge, Mass, and London: Harvard University Press, 1991. Pp. xiii, 404. $29.95 (us) Reviewed by Lloyd E. Ambrosius

David L. Anderson. Trapped by Success: The Eisenhower Administration and Vietnam, 1953-1961. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991. Pp. xv,276. $39.50(us) Reviewed by H.W. Brands

Douglas Pike, ed. The Bunker Papers: Reports to the President fiom Vietnam, 1967-1973. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of East Asian Studies,1990. Pp. 899. $35.00 (us) Reviewed by Wallace J. Thies

Ebekhard Kienle. Bath v. Ba'th: The Conflict between Syria and Iraq 1968-1989. London: 1 3. Tauris, 1990. Pp. 238.,£29.95 Reviewed by Raymond A. Hinnebaush

John O. Crane and Sylvia Crane. Czechoslovakia: Anvil of the Cold War, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1991. Pp. xxvi, 352. $45.00 (us) Reviewed by Radomir V. luza

Keith Neilson and Ronald G. Haycock, eds. The Cold War and Defense. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1990. Pp. vi, 206. (45.00 (us) Reviewed by Robert M. Hathaway

John B. Hattendorf and Malcolm H. Murfftt, eds. The Limitations of Military Power: Essays Presented to Professor Norman Gibbs on his Eightieth Birthday. London: Macrmullan, 1990. Pp. xx, 242.,£40.00 Reviewed by Wesley K. Wark

Kenneth C. Allard. Command, Control, and the Common Defense. NewHaven and London: Yale University Press, 1990. Pp. xiii, 317. $25.00 (us) Reviewed by Terry Copp

J.L. Gsanatstein And Robert Bothwell. Pirouette: Pierre Trudeau andCanadian Foreign Policy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990. Pp. xiv,477- $35-00 (CDN) Reviewed by Thomas Keating

Roger E. Kan Et And Edward A. Kolodziej, eds. The Cold War asCooperation: Superpower Cooperation in Regional Conflict Management. London:Macmillan, 1991. Pp. xv, 439. £4.5.00 Reviewed by Wesley T. Wooley

Carl G. Jacobsen, ed. Strategic Power: USA/USSR. London: Macmillan,1990. Pp. xxiii, 519. £i9-99 Reviewed by Robert Malcolmson

Robert C. North. War, Peace, Survival: Global Politics and Conceptual Synthesis. Boulder, Col. and Oxford: Westview Press, 1990. Pp. xii, 298.$48.50 (us), cloth; $17-95 (us), paper Reviewed by Stephen Pelz

Eugene Sochor. The Politics of International Aviation. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991. Pp. xix, 288. $36.00 (us) Reviewed by Richard C. Thornton     

Costs and benefits of environmental change: tourism industry's responses in Arctic Finland

ABSTRACT

Recent research has focused on the impacts of environmental change to tourism. In particular, the perceived costs of climate change have been increasingly studied. However, the relationship between costs and benefits resulting from the changing environmental conditions for the industry has been less examined. This paper identifies the locally observed changes in the natural and socio-economic environments and aims to analyse the financial costs and benefits to tourism businesses in two tourism-dependent communities in northern Finland. The specific focus is on adaptation and adaptive management in a tourist destination scale. Adaption is understood as an investment creating not only implementation costs, but potentially also benefits for tourism operations. Research materials were collected among tourism and tourism-related businesses through 41 semi-structured thematic interviews. Results indicate that the evaluated benefits of environmental change seem to exceed those of costs. This conforms to the on-going discourse of climate change–tourism relations associated with the Arctic region where both awareness and vulnerability to change are considered relatively high but the level of responses, i.e. adaptation, low. These results can help to further identify the most vulnerable sectors in tourism and assist entrepreneurs preparing for environmental and climate change. However, the paper concludes that while global environmental change, with specific adaptive management strategies, may create local short-term direct benefits for the industry, a long-term sustainability of tourism in the Arctic calls for mitigation responses to climate change.     

Empowering marginal lifescapes: the heritage of crofters in between the past and the present

There is a rich, but unacknowledged, heritage of rural subalterns, crofters, in Scandinavia. A Swedish-Norwegian interdisciplinary research-network investigated the most prominent category – the remains of crofts. Due to industrialisation, urbanisation and the modern welfare state, the institution of crofting was abolished, and many crofters left for opportunities elsewhere. The welfare state transformed a landscape of living and working people into a one filled with relicts mostly from the nineteenth century. Although numerous and important to local citizens, these sites fall outside the authorised heritage discourse (AHD) in terms of both research and heritage management. This paper takes an environmental justice perspective to challenge the AHD. Three themes are in focus: (1) bringing out the history of a subaltern and marginalised group of people; (2) promoting crofts as heritage of importance to local citizens and demanding complex management due to the various historical narratives and risks; (3) considering the crofting landscapes in relation to the (economisation) framing of heritage in development processes, especially in relation to fair development in present rural communities.     

Introduction: Between Morality and Anthropology—Sociability in Enlightenment Thought

Summary

This introductory article sketches out the evolution of the concept of sociability in moral and political debates from Grotius to the German Romantics, so as to elucidate the range and scope of the contributions to this special issue. The article argues that the concept of sociability serves as a bridge between moral theory, domestic politics and international relations, just as it also connects the jurisprudential mode of enquiry to subsequent Enlightenment enquiries into political economy, aesthetics, individual and collective moral psychology, forms of government and philosophical history. Particular attention is paid to sociability's relationship to moral scepticism, and to its position between morality and anthropology. The article highlights the central role of Rousseau in radically reformulating the debate and in sparking new controversies up to the nineteenth century.