Identification of organic materials in icons of the Cretan School of iconography

The Cretan School of iconography is the last great flowering of the traditional Byzantine painting manner, which is however influenced by different schools and western art. Despite their historical significance, icons of the Cretan School have been rarely studied through modern chemical techniques and therefore very few information is available on the materials used by the Cretan painters. In the present investigation, the organic materials contained in several icons of the Cretan School of Iconography from the collection of the Benaki Museum, Athens, Greece, are analyzed and identified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Diode Array Detector (HPLC–DAD) and Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS).The HPLC–DAD results provide support to a recently published report which showed that kermes used in “Cretan” icons of 15th century and early 16th century was replaced by cochineal which was used in icons dated after early 16th century. This trend is known for western art and it is now proved for Cretan icons, showing thus the influence of the Cretan painters by other European painting schools. Other dyes detected in the historical samples, extracted from Cretan icons are madder (possibly Rubia tinctorum L., according to HPLC profiles) and indigoid dyes. Oils, such as linseed and walnut oil, are identified in samples extracted from the seven icons tested by GC–MS. Egg yolk is identified in the extract of only one icon and animal glue, originated most likely from the gesso ground, is found in six samples. Other organic materials detected by GC–MS were wax, as well as synthetic resins, applied during conservation treatments.     

评《街头文化：成都公共空间下层民众与地方政治》

该著打破了以往只研究精英而忽视下层民众的传统,转而以中国内陆城市成都作为研究对象,考察公共空间、下层民众、大众文化和地方政治的关系。以“街头文化”作为研究中心,展示街头出现的各种文化现象。用“叙事”的方法将读者引入到身临其境的境地,感受成都街头茶馆儿里的舒适与闲暇、街上小商小贩的叫卖声、街道两旁闲聊边织布的普通妇女,还有街上卖艺的热闹。     

Tradition and Christianity: Controversial Funerals and Concepts of the Person among the Paiwan,Taiwan

This essay focuses on the complex and dynamic relationships between tradition and Christianity among the Paiwan, an Austronesian‐speaking people in Taiwan. The ethnography comes from a village in which adherents of traditional religion and Presbyterians live in the same area, but in separate quarters. They have close kinship and marriage ties; however, the funeral constitutes a major area of controversy and tension. I juxtapose their contrasting representations of death and funerals to highlight their differences and trace the source of their conflict to the ideological domain of concepts of the person. I argue that the differences in their funerals can be explained by the differences in the ways the two groups articulate two versions of the person. Adherents of traditional religion emphasize the holistic side of the person by calling the spirit of the deceased to reunite with the living, whereas Presbyterians stress the individualistic side of the person and maintain the boundary between the living and the dead. I propose that it is the co‐existence of two distinct concepts of the person and the different ways of articulating those concepts which shape the dynamic but often contradictory relationship between tradition and Christianity.     

《庞居士语录》的抄本与明刻本

《庞居士语录》是中国佛教的著名居士--唐庞居士庞蕴的语录和诗偈集.庞蕴(?～815),字道玄,出生于衡阳(今湖南衡阳市),元和(806-820)中,举家北游襄阳(今湖北襄樊市).在禅林中,庞居士与梁朝傅大士齐名,被人们称之为"中土维摩诘",《庞居士语录》是研究唐代禅学的重要著作.庞居士与王梵志、寒山一样,是唐代著名白话诗人,《庞居士语录》保存了大量唐代口语和俗语,也是研究唐代语言的重要参考资料.     

滇越铁路与云南矿业开发(1910—1940)

1910年滇越铁路全线通车,大大改善了云南对外交通运输条件,推动了云南经济尤其是矿业的发展。滇越铁路的通车首先方便了个旧大锡的出口,大锡成为云南对外贸易的支柱产品,锡业也代替昔日的铜业成为云南矿业的命脉。滇越铁路还刺激了煤炭需求,促进了整个云南煤业的发展。不过由于滇越铁路管理权被法国控制,导致该条铁路产生的巨大收益外流,在一定程度上阻碍了云南矿业的进一步发展。     

《百苗图》传世抄本收藏情况概说

《百苗图》是清代绘画记录当时各地苗族的生产、生活、娱乐和习俗等风情的历史图册,是珍贵的历史民族志。“百”是概数,含多之意,并不是指有百幅苗族画图,也不是指有百支苗族。《百苗图》形象再现了苗族支系的繁多和丰富多彩的历史文化,具有重要的历史、艺术和科学价值。《百苗图》原本已佚,后世转抄临摩者众多,据初步查寻,目前在国内外收藏尚存的《百苗图》抄本、印本估计不下100种。主要收藏在中国大陆和台湾各图书馆现藏,在海外如德国、英国、日本等国家的图书馆也有收藏。     

与张之、王世恩论安阳与七大古都书

我国自有文字记载的商代以来,历代王朝的都城都是全国的政治、经济和文化中心。而历史上各代都城规制的变化,因为能反映一个时代经济、文化特征的变化,成为史学研究中的一个重要部分。我国历史上做过都城的城市有几十处,为研究其典型性,20世纪20年代,学术界将西安、洛阳、北京、南京、开封并列为“五大古都”。20世纪30年代又将杭州列入,成为“六大古都”。20世纪80年代,谭其骧先生提出将安阳(殷、邺)也列入大古都为“七大古都”。当时引起学术界的热烈讨论,最后得到了学术界的首肯,成为都城史研究界的共识。这里整理的三封信为谭其骧先生20世纪80年代后期与安阳地方学者讨论此问题的通信,从中也可以看出老一辈学者对学术的认真态度和科学精神。     

反映博物馆展柜瞬态环境温度变化的三维CFD建模与分析

温湿度是评价文物保存微环境的重要因素。目前,基于文物预防性保护工作的要求产生了大量文物保存微环境监测数据。如何更好地分析、利用现有的数据,建立有效的数学分析模型,用以评估并优化现有的环境调控措施是预防性保护工作的重要课题。本研究使用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)的方法,建立能够反映展柜所处环境温度瞬态变化的三维CFD仿真模型,通过瞬态温度边界建模方法,将展柜外实测温度数据使用UDF(user defined function)编译,作为模型的瞬态边界条件。模型使用夏季工况的柜内温度实测数据进行标定,并将标定后的模型直接应用于冬季工况。结果表明,经标定后的模型在夏季工况中运行良好,模拟值与实测值间的平均偏差为0.18℃,最大偏差为0.33℃。模型直接应用于冬季工况,表现出很好的预测效果,模拟值与实测值之间的平均偏差为0.029℃,最大偏差为0.081℃,进一步验证了模型的有效性。本研究为预防性保护的监测数据利用及定量化研究提供了一种新的思路,同时证明了CFD技术在文物保护领域的广阔应用前景。     

清乾隆至道光年间的聊城商业——以山陕会馆碑刻资料为中心的考察

聊城是清代中叶山东运河沿线的重要转运码头,经由该城转运的商品以绸缎、布匹、皮毛、纸张、茶叶等为大宗。绸缎、纸张、茶叶等南来商品的转销范围大致包括鲁北、冀南、豫东以及山西;棉布和皮毛制品则为东昌本地所产,主要销往西北和口外。依据会馆抽厘率折算,乾隆初年山陕商人在聊城的经营规模每年仅数十万两,嘉庆时增至一百数十万两,道光年间即便从低折算也达到210万两。全城合计,嘉庆年间聊城的商业规模已达每年200万两;道光年间以1‰的抽厘率折算为300万两,若以0.3‰的抽厘率折算则高达1000万两。