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Miljana Radivojević Thilo Rehren Ernst Pernicka Dušan Šljivar Michael Brauns Dušan Borić 《Journal of archaeological science》2010
The beginnings of extractive metallurgy in Eurasia are contentious. The first cast copper objects in this region emerge c. 7000 years ago, and their production has been tentatively linked to centres in the Near East. This assumption, however, is not substantiated by evidence for copper smelting in those centres. Here, we present results from recent excavations from Belovode, a Vin?a culture site in Eastern Serbia, which has provided the earliest direct evidence for copper smelting to date. The earliest copper smelting activities there took place c. 7000 years ago, contemporary with the emergence of the first cast copper objects. Through optical, chemical and provenance analyses of copper slag, minerals, ores and artefacts, we demonstrate the presence of an established metallurgical technology during this period, exploiting multiple sources for raw materials. These results extend the known record of copper smelting by more than half a millennium, with substantial implications. Extractive metallurgy occurs at a location far away from the Near East, challenging the traditional model of a single origin of metallurgy and reviving the possibility of multiple, independent inventions. 相似文献
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Michael Eggers,Vergleichendes Erkennen. Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Epistemologie des Vergleichs und zur Genealogie der Komparatistik, (Germanisch‐Romanische Monatsschrift,Beiheft 68) Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter 2017. 448 S., € 66,00. ISBN 978‐3‐8253‐6459‐5..
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Ernst Müller 《Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte》2017,40(4):396-397
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Ernst Mayr 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》1986,107(3):229-235
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Michael Brauns Roland Schwab Guntram Gassmann Günther Wieland Ernst Pernicka 《Journal of archaeological science》2013,40(2):841-849
Ores, slag, and blooms from an Early Iron Age smelting site in the Black Forest, southern Germany, were analysed in view of their possible provenance in combination with products from a modern smelting experiment. Rather than employing lead isotope ratios, like in a previous study, osmium and strontium isotope ratios are used for the discussion of provenance. The results of the smelting experiment with iron ores from the archaeological site and their comparison with original finds show the high potential of osmium as a tracer to determine provenance. Strontium may be an additional indicator but possible contaminations need to be assessed. A Celtic iron ingot has also been analysed to check the potential of osmium for further provenance studies. 相似文献
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George Cardona R. S. P. Beekes J. Duchesne-Guillemin J. Gonda J. W. de Jong P. H. L. Eggermont F. B. J. Kuiper J. Filliozat Gustav Roth T. Rajapatirana M. J. Dresden Ernst Steinkellner T. Vetter Edward Conze Jacques May J. Deleu Klaus Matzel D. Seyfort Ruegg J. T. P. de Bruijn T. Burrow 《Indo-Iranian Journal》1972,14(1-2):61-147
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