石器研究的新视角:技术-功能分析法——以观音洞遗址为例

技术-功能分析法通过综合考察支配石制工具生产的技术机制、分析工具刃口上所整合的技术特征,理解工具预设性的功能和使用方式,并复原打制者的意图。对观音洞遗址石器材料的分析表明,此方法在揭示打制者意图及工具预设性的功能和使用方式的多样性方面具有重要作用。     

Evidence of the crested form of domestic hen (Gallus gallus f. domestica) from three post-medieval sites in Hungary

In this paper, the authors introduce finds of crested hen from three post-medieval Ottoman Period (16th–17th century) sites in Hungary. All the remains were found in Buda, the former capital of Hungary. Two sites are located within the castle area, while the third lies south of the royal palace. Since the animal bone assemblages yielding the skulls of crested hen under study showed Ottoman Turkish influence and the castle of Buda was a high status area, it is likely that crested hen represents one of the newly introduced breeds of domestic animals that arrived to Hungary with people of Balkan origins.     

Prospection of two circular Bronze Age ditches with multi-receiver electrical conductivity sensors (North Belgium)

Two types of electrical conductivity sensors were evaluated to prospect circular ditches surrounding former Bronze Age burial mounds, complementing aerial photography. The first sensor was based on the electrical resistivity (ER) method, while the second sensor was based on frequency-domain electromagnetic induction (FDEM). Both sensors were designed with multiple receivers, which measure several depth sensitivities simultaneously. First, the sensors were tested on an experimental site where a rectangular structure with limited dimensions was dug in a sandy soil. The structure appeared as a higher conductivity anomaly in the low-conductivity sand. Then, both methods were applied on two Bronze Age sites with different soil properties, which were discovered by aerial photography. The first site, in a sandy soil, gave only very weak anomalies. Soil augering revealed that the ditch filling consisted of the same sandy material as the surrounding, therefore this filling was not able to cause a high-conductivity contrast. Due to its lower sensitivity to noise in the low-conductive range, the ER-sensor produced a more pronounced anomaly than the FDEM-sensor. The second site was located on top of a ridge with a shallow substrate of Tertiary, coastal sediments. The ditch was very clearly visible on the sensor maps as a conductive low. At this location, the soil augering revealed that the ditch was dug through an alternating clay-sand layer and subsequently filled up with silty material from the topsoil. Overall, the shallow receiver separation produced anomalies that were both stronger and that corresponded better to the geometry of the ditches. The other receiver separations provided more information on the natural soil layering, and in the case of the ER-array they could be used to obtain a cross-section of the actual electrical conductivity with 2-D inversion modelling. The results of this study proofed that conductivity sensors can detect Bronze Age ditches, with varying contrast depending on the soil geomorphology. Moreover, the sensor maps combined with soil observations by coring provided insight in the environmental conditions that influence the contrast of the anomalies seen on the aerial photographs and the sensor maps.     

‘We don't do dots ‐ ours is lines’ — Asserting a Barkindji Style

ABSTRACT This paper offers an ethnographic exploration of the assertion of a ‘Barkindji style’ art: why this matters and to whom it matters. Focusing particularly on the Darling River area of Wilcannia and on the period from the 1980s to the present, the increasing interest in art‐making by local Aboriginal people is considered. Through a dialogue with artists, artworks, and others, the work examines the changing form, design and content of art and the role of art in defining ideas of Barkindji Aboriginal culture and tradition. Invocations by key cultural brokers to produce work that is seen to ‘belong to us’ is explored in terms of the cultural, political, and personal work that this involves; particularly as this intersects with ideas of artistic freedoms versus artistic direction by cultural brokers. The paper discusses the personal considerations and tensions that come to bear in the processes connected with production of art and its making. In so doing, this paper engages with, and extends, the work of Tacon et al. (2003), Cooper (1994), Kleinert (1994) and Morphy (2001) as this pertains to art ‘styles’ and material culture from what is widely referred to as south‐eastern Australia.     

Commemorating a Rural African-American Family at a National Battlefield Park

The Robinson House site is situated within the Manassas National Battlefield Park in northern Virginia. The original Robinson House was constructed in the 1840s and was occupied until 1936 by the same free African-American family. The National Park Service recognizes and interprets the Robinson House since it was part of the Civil War battlefield landscape during the First and Second Battles of Manassas. The original house went through a series of structural additions and alterations in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The house stood until 1993 when arsonists burned it, causing 60% damage to the structure. Today, the east chimney and the stone foundations remain. Amidst the many Civil War monuments at the battlefield park the interpretation of a century of occupation by the Robinson family through the remaining foundations adds meaning and depth to the area's local history. The Robinson House remains symbolize an African-American family's way of life as well as their struggle to survive during Reconstruction and the Jim Crow era. The foundations and site are a steadfast symbol of African-American cultural persistence that has prevailed for over 100 years on a battlefield landscape.     

‘It’s good but it’s not enough’: the relational geographies of social policy and youth mentoring interventions

Developing a critical analysis of the relational and situated practices of social policy, this paper draws on an evaluation of an early intervention project in Scotland (UK) where volunteer adult mentors supported young people ‘at risk’ of offending or antisocial behaviour. Contributing to ‘enlivened’ accounts of social practice, we explore how practices of mentoring developed through the co-presence of mentor and young person in the often transitory spaces of care which characterized the ‘diversionary activities’ approach in the project. We expand the notion of the relational in social practice beyond the care-recipient dyad to include wider networks of care (families, programme workers, social institutions). The paper explores how such social interventions might both be ‘good’ for the young people involved, and yet recognize critiques that more individualized models of intervention inevitably have limitations which make them ‘not enough’ to deal with structural inequalities and disadvantages. Acknowledging the impacts of neoliberalism, we argue critical attention to diverse situated relational practices points to the excessive nature of engagement in social policy and provides scope for transformative practice where young people’s geographies can be ‘upscaled’ to connect to the realms of social policy and practice.     

Book reviews

Geoffrey Sherington. Australia's Immigrants 1788–1988. Second edition. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1990. x + 199 pp. $17.95 (paper).

Colin Golvan. The Distant Exodus. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 1990. 115 pp. $19.95 (paper).

R.A. Herr, H.R. Hall and M.G. Haward (eds.). Antarctica's Future: Continuity or Change? Canberra: Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1990. 338 pp. $29.95.

Klaus J. Pertz (ed.). Policies for Rational Use of Energy. Singapore, McGraw‐Hill/GTZ, 1989. xi + 189 pp. $US19.95.

James E. Dooley. Risk Analysis for Health and Environmental Management. Halifax and Jakarta: Environmental Management Development in Indonesia, 1990. xix + 188 pp. $Can15.00.

Paul A. Smith Jr. On Political War. Washington DC: National Defense University Press, 1989. xix + 279 pp. No price given.

Boris Kagarlitsky (translated by Rick Simon). The Dialectic of Change. London and New York: Verso, 1990. xi + 393 pp. $29.95 (paper).

R.J. May and William J. O'Malley (eds.). Observing Change in Asia. Bathurst: Crawford House Press, 1989. x + 265 pp. $24.95.

Kevin Hewison. Bankers and Bureaucrats: Capital and the Role of the State in Thailand. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, Monograph Series 34, 1989. 320 pp. $US30.00 (cloth), $US17.00 (paper).

Robert C. Rice (ed.). Indonesian Economic Development: Approaches, Technology, Small‐Scale Textiles, Urban Infrastructure and NGOs. Clayton: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, 1990. iv + 106 pp. $12.00.

Paul Monk. Truth and Power: Robert S. Hardie and the Land Reform Debates in the Philippines 1950–1987. Clayton: Monash University, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, 1990. 168 + 41pp. $16.00.

Gregg R. Jones. Red Revolution: Inside the Philippine Guerrilla Movement. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1989. xxii + 360 pp. $US26.95 (cloth).

Jose Maria Sison. The Philippine Revolution. The Leader's View. New York: Crane Russak, 1989. xxix + 241 pp.

Tan Liok Ee. The Rlietoric of Bangsa and Minzu: Community and Nation in Tension, the Malay Peninsula, 1900–1955. Clayton: Monash University, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, 1988.

Peter Rimmer and Lisa Allen (eds.). The Underside of Malaysian History. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1990. xiv + 259 pp. $S38.00.

Jane Drakard. A Malay Frontier: Unity and Duality in Sumatran Kingdom. Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University; Studies on Southeast Asia no.7, 1990. 205 pp. $US15.00.

Reading Southeast Asia — Translation Series Vol.1. Translation of Contemporary Japanese Scholarship on Southeast Asia. Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 1990. 188 pp. $US12.00.

Kennedy Graham. National Security Concepts of States: New Zealand. New York: Taylor and Francis/United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 1989. xvii + 180 pp. No price given.

Helen Fraser. Your Flag's Blocking Our Sun. Sydney: ABC Books, 1990. 215 pp. $24.95 (cloth).

William Cobbelt and Robin Cohen (ed.). Popular Struggles in South Africa. Tenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1988. xiv + 234 pp. 25.00 (cloth), 5.95 (paper).

Frances Meli. South Africa Belongs to Us. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1988. xxi + 258 pp. 19.95 (cloth), 5.95 (paper).

Peter Katjavivi. A History of Resistance in Namibia. London: James Currey/Paris: Unesco Press, 1988. 152 pp. 4.95 (paper).

Georges Fauriol (ed.). Security in the Americas. Washington DC: National Defense University Press, 1989. xv + 369 pp. No price given.     

Widows’ Men: The Admiralty Board,Precedent, and Pensions for the Widows of the Lost Franklin Expedition

When the British Admiralty announced in January, 1854 that it intended to strike the names of the officers of Sir John Franklin's missing polar expedition off the active Navy List, it had years of legal precedent to support its right to do so. The Board used such precedent to its advantage in ending a search its members had considered fruitless since 1849, the year the expedition's food would have run out. However, in their treatment of the widows made from that decision, Board members consistently pushed against established practice in order to do what they felt was right: to give the widows as generous a pension as the Treasury would approve, and to do so in defiance of the strict rules of eligibility. In 1844, only months before Franklin and 128 men set forth to discover the Northwest Passage, new eligibility guidelines were set that both limited women's access to pensions, and hampered the Board's ability to grant them. Archival evidence that forms the core of this article shows, however, that compassionate treatment of the expedition's widows was central to all discussions of how the Admiralty might move forward on the Franklin disaster, between promoting officers in absentia in order to augment pensions, to waiving the need for proving the date of death in order for families to collect the explorers’ back pay. As this article argues, the 1854 Admiralty Board had powerfully split loyalties: on the one hand, as the press acknowledged, the Board had a duty to perform on behalf of the public, to avoid wasting the nation's money on frivolous or useless searches for men assumed to be long dead; on the other hand, it felt equally strongly the obligation to support those widows who were the product of such imperial adventuring, even in defiance of its own rules. Through an analysis of legal precedent, Naval Instructions, and private Admiralty Board documents, in the case of the Franklin expedition's widows one can perceive a few naval administrators who tried to keep some of the nation's most vulnerable citizens in view even as they managed the bottom line.     

Putting the border in place: customs regulation in the making of the Irish border, 1921–1945

This paper explores the historical geography of the making of the Irish border through a focus on the practices of customs regulation through which it was constituted and on the impeded, permitted and concealed mobilities of people and objects across the customs boundary after 1923. It traces how legislative change at the level of the state – in this case the governments of the Irish Free State, Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom – was translated into the routine practices of those trying to regulate the movement of people and objects across the customs boundary, and considers the responses of those subject to, and regularly subverting, these efforts. Drawing on recent interests in the prosaic practices of the state, and in materiality and mobility more widely, our focus is both on the work of political power at the border through the practices, texts, tools and techniques of customs regulation, and on the experience and effects of customs control for those living near the newly defined line between Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State.