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101.
Serena Falzetti Elena A.A. Garcea Cristina Lemorini Stefano Drudi Vittorio Mironti 《African Archaeological Review》2017,34(4):525-541
The Aterian lithic techno-complex that characterizes the late Middle Stone Age in North Africa is well known especially for its tanged or stemmed points. Recent techno-morphological and use-wear analyses have added new data to support the identification of the tang as the hafted portion of an artifact. They have also highlighted the presence of this attribute on tools other than projectile points, in contrast with the widespread idea that the tanged point is the Aterian fossile directeur. The design of this specific device, the tang, for hafting purposes is regarded as a great technical innovation that underlines a modern behavior. Our work provides new use-wear and experimental data, aiming at discussing the cognitive preconditions of this technical innovation that could have originated from a specific functional unit: the notch. Notches are quite abundant in the Aterian techno-complex. Our systematic study of this tool category from Aterian sites of the Jebel Gharbi allowed defining the notch per se as a techno-morpho-functional unit that was “applied” to different types of blanks, including “reused blanks,” which show a heavy patina on their surface. This functional unit has been used for various types of activities and can be found either alone on a blank or with multiple other units on the same blank, creating different tool morphologies. According to this interpretation, the tang could have been considered by Aterian populations as a new resulting variant of various possible combinations of notches, for defining and/or transforming the shape of a tool. 相似文献
102.
Emmanuelle Stoetzel 《African Archaeological Review》2017,34(4):453-468
There is limited available data on the environmental context of the arrival of the first anatomically modern humans (AMH) in North Africa, and subsequent Paleolithic and Neolithic occupations within this region. Microvertebrates such as rodents, shrews, amphibians, and squamates are known to be good indicators of climate and landscape changes. They also represent continental paleoecological records that can be directly related to human occupations. Moreover, faunas and humans have been subjected to several dispersal waves through similar routes, and some rodents may present anthropophilous behavior. Therefore, by understanding the dispersal pattern and pathways of these microvertebrates, it is possible to propose scenarios for human dispersal events. In this study we took the rich microfaunal assemblages from the Témara region, Atlantic Morocco (El Harhoura 2 and El Mnasra Caves), and placed them within a broader synthesis, in order to highlight the role of microvertebrates in providing a better understanding of the human-environment relationship during the Late Quaternary in North Africa. 相似文献
103.
Amel Chakroun Driss Chahid Larbi Boudad Emilie Campmas Arnaud Lenoble Roland Nespoulet Mohamed Abdeljalil El Hajraoui 《African Archaeological Review》2017,34(4):493-510
The Rabat-Témara region of the Moroccan Atlantic coast reveals a succession of Quaternary palaeobeaches. This coastal area is dotted with numerous prehistoric caves. The study of the Upper Pleistocene coastal landscape associated with these caves is of paramount importance in the knowledge of human population subsistence. During the Upper Pleistocene, the ocean level changes drastically influenced the coastal geomorphology as well as the fauna assemblages. The chrono-lithostratographical analysis of the coastal sedimentary formations allows the distinction of three sequences rich in marine fauna. These sequences date from MIS 11 to MIS 5. The identification of malacofauna species from these deposits revealed 39 species, along with Bryozoans, Crustaceans, and Echinoids. These assemblages show a constant fauna cortege highlighted by the dominance of the amphi-Atlantic species Stramonita haemastoma. This species shows an increase in the number of specimens in the uppermost part of marine deposits, probably in relation with a climate warming in the MIS 5. This fauna of both intertidal rocky substrates and sandy substratum indicates environmental conditions close to the present-day Rabat-Témara coastline. As in other coastal locations of Africa from MIS 5, the Middle Stone Age Homo sapiens population benefitted from a littoral environment rich in coastal resources. Comparison between thanatocenoses and archaeological records allows us to identify both species available for Middle Stone Age population and those preferred for human use. 相似文献
104.
Emily Waller Emma Palmer Louise Chappell 《Australian Journal of International Affairs》2014,68(3):356-373
Many conflicts in the Asia-Pacific region have included sexual violence crimes targeted primarily against women. However, in comparison to other regions, Asia-Pacific states have been reluctant to embrace international law innovations to end impunity for such crimes into the future, as evidenced by their unwillingness to become signatories to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Of the 39 countries constituting the Asia-Pacific region, only 17—less than half—have joined the Rome Statute. This article initially surveys some of the reasons for non-ratification of the Statute. It further examines the role of civil society and the potential normative impact of the Statute to enhance national sexual violence legislation and prosecutions. Finally, it identifies some practical steps that the Australian government could take to encourage regional states to ratify, implement and enforce the Rome Statute in order to further protect all victims of international crimes and bolster the broader Women, Peace and Security framework. 相似文献
105.
Kelly J. Knudson Emily Webb Christine White Fred J. Longstaffe 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2014,6(3):205-219
While the use of radiogenic strontium isotope values to examine paleomobility is increasingly common in the Andes, and beyond, many questions about baseline variability remain. To better understand baseline radiogenic strontium isotope compositions in the Andes, we present new 87Sr/86Sr values from Peruvian soil samples. Modern soil samples were collected from agricultural fields from the following areas in central and southern Peru: Arequipa, Atico, Camaná, Chala, Cusco, Ica, Ilo, Lima, Mejía, Moquegua, Nazca, Ocoña, Palpa, Pisco, Puno, Tacna, and Yauca. Samples were partially dissolved to better approximate the bioavailable strontium. Radiogenic strontium isotope values from the partially dissolved soil samples range from 87Sr/86Sr?=?0.70202 to 0.71894 and, for all soil samples, have a mean of 87Sr/86Sr?=?0.70773?±?0.00166 (1σ, n?=?114). In general, the 87Sr/86Sr values measured for soil samples collected from modern agricultural fields reflect the expected 87Sr/86Sr values based on bedrock geology. Comparing our new soil data with published radiogenic strontium isotope data for bedrock, soil, water, and faunal samples provides constraints on the regions in the Andes that can, and cannot, be distinguished through radiogenic strontium isotope analysis. 相似文献
106.
John Stachel 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》2005,126(2):353-365
As the sobriquet «Zweistein» suggests, within the theoretical physics community Wolfgang Pauli came to be regarded as second in eminence only to Albert Einstein. Over a period of thirty-five years, they interacted both intellectually and personally. This paper focuses on four interrelated topics of their discussions. 1) The theory of relativity: at the age of twenty, Pauli prepared the definitive survey of relativity, a survey which he revised near the end of his life and which remains invaluable to physicists and historians of physics. 2) Unified field theories: although initially sympathetic to Einstein's search for a unified theory of electromagnetism and gravitation, and having made important contributions to the subject, Pauli came to regard such efforts as fruitless. 3) Foundations of quantum mechanics: Pauli's negative evaluation of Einstein's program grew out of their sharply differing evaluations of the role that quantum mechanics would play in the future, development of theoretical physics. 4) Quantum gravity: Pauli recognized that, until the achievement of a successful reconciliation of quantum mechanics and general relativity — an achievement that still eludes us — Einstein's challenge to quantum mechanics could not be laid to rest. 相似文献
107.
108.
109.
John Kantner 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2008,16(1):37-81
In the 1970s and 1980s, regional analysis was an influential part of archaeological research, providing a discrete set of
geographical tools inspired by a processual epistemological and interpretive perspective. With the advent of new technologies,
new methods, and new paradigms, archaeological research on regional space has undergone significant changes. This article
reviews the state of regional archaeology, beginning with a consideration of its history and a discussion of the fundamental
issues facing regional investigations before focusing on developments over the last several years. On one hand, the diversification
of archaeological theory has created new paradigms for thinking about human relationships with one another and with the physical
environment across regional space; in this regard, historical ecology, landscape archaeology, and evolutionary theory have
been particularly influential in recent years. This has led to a corresponding diversification of the traditional methods
of regional analysis. Most notably, the advent of powerful digital technologies has introduced new tools, especially those
from the geographic information sciences, that build on the quantitative methods of past approaches. The investigation of
regional data is no longer based on a discrete toolkit of simple mathematical and graphical procedures for representing spatial
relationships. Instead, regional archaeology has matured into a diversity of multiscalar spatial and geostatistical techniques
that inform many areas of archaeological inquiry. 相似文献
110.
Yaroslav V. Kuzmin 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2008,16(2):163-221
This article focuses on the presence of humans in Siberia and the Russian Far East at the coldest time of the Late Pleistocene,
called the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and dated to c. 20,000–18,000 rcbp. Reconstruction of the LGM environment of Siberia,
based on the latest models and compilations, provides a background for human existence in this region. Most of Siberia and
the Russian Far East at c. 20,000–18,000 rcbp was covered by tundra and cool steppe, with some forest formations in the river
valleys. Climate was much colder and drier than it is today. Eighteen Upper Paleolithic sites in Siberia are radiocarbon dated
strictly to the LGM, and at least six of them, located in southern parts of western and eastern Siberia and the Russian Far
East, have solid evidence of occupation during that time span. It seems clear that southern Siberia was populated by humans
even at the height of the LGM, and that there was no dramatic decline or complete disappearance of humans in Siberia at that
time. The degree of human adaptation to periglacial landscapes in the mid-Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia was quite
high; humans coped with the cold and dry environmental conditions using microblade technology, artificial shelters, tailored
clothes, and megafaunal bones as fuel.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献