“九夏”考述

“九夏”是阔代九大乐歌之统称。“九夏”的演奏，主要使用钟、鼓、鳟、磬等打击乐器，因而具有较强的节奏感，故在周代的礼仪活动中，多用于控制行礼者的行步之节。《肆夏》是“九夏”中的重要一篇，其演奏场合及演奏对象十分复杂，主要功能是在各种礼仪活动中用于控制行礼者的出、入之行节。同时，它还可以献享给宾客，并具有调和礼仪气氛的作用。《陔夏》之“陔”，为警戒之义。《陔夏》的演奏，主要用于宴饮活动结束时控制宾客的行步之节，防止宾客因酒醉而失礼。     

Roman Urbanism: A View from the Countryside

The towns of Roman Britain have been subject to a long tradition of empirical research and discussion, but far less attention has been paid to the landscape context in which they developed. This paper considers the implications of this caveat for our understanding of Roman urbanism and suggests that most previous approaches have internalized the study of towns as social institutions and have failed to give due weight to the role of local rural agency in influencing the character of urban development. In so doing, it is suggested that the potential role of other important and competing nodes of economic, political and religious life, such as forts, fortresses, vici and small towns as well as rural sanctuaries and other settlements, is also not given due consideration in discussing the distinctive character of urbanism in Roman Britain.