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"Democratic institutions are never done," observed Woodrow Wilson over a century ago. "[T]hey are like living tissue-always a-making." Then and now, Wilson's point applies as much to the federal judiciary as to the elected branches of government, as alterations in organization, jurisdiction, and the docket attest. 相似文献
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Elise M. S. Belle Saima Shah Tudor Parfitt Mark G. Thomas 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2010,2(3):217-224
Several cultural or religious groups claim descent from a common ancestor. The extent to which this claimed ancestry is real
or socially constructed can be assessed by means of genetic studies. Syed is a common honorific title given to male Muslims
belonging to certain families claiming descent from the Prophet Muhammad through his grandsons Hassan and Hussein, who lived
1,400 years ago and were the sons of the Prophet’s daughter Fatima. If all Syeds really are in direct descent from Hassan
and Hussein, we would expect the Y chromosomes of Syeds to be less diverse than those of non-Syeds. Outside the Arab world,
we would also expect to find that Syeds share Y chromosomes with Arab populations to a greater extent than they do with their
non-Syed geographic neighbours. In this study, we found that the Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from India and Pakistan
are no less diverse than those non-Syeds from the same regions, suggesting that there is no biological basis to the belief
that self-identified Syeds in this part of the world share a recent common ancestry. In addition to Syeds, we also considered
members of other hereditary Muslim lineages, which either claim descent from the tribe or family of Muhammad or from the residents
of Medinah. Here, we found that these lineages showed greater affinity to geographically distant Arab populations, than to
their neighbours from the Indian subcontinent, who do not belong to an Islamic honorific lineage. 相似文献
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D. Grier Stephenson 《Journal of Supreme Court History》1997,22(2):150-169
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Elise Dufour Chris Holmden Wim Van Neer Antoine Zazzo William P. Patterson Patrick Degryse Eddy Keppens 《Journal of archaeological science》2007
In this paper, we investigate the potential use of oxygen and strontium isotope ratios (δ18Op and 87Sr/86Sr) measured in archaeological fish enamel as provenance indicators. δ18Op and 87Sr/86Sr were measured in a suite of archaeological carp remains recovered from the Anatolian townsite of Sagalassos dated to the Early Byzantine period (AD 450–650) and compared to that of modern fish, river and lake waters from the Anatolian region. We used sequential leaches in weak acetic acid to remove diagenetic Sr from fossil tooth enamel, monitoring the effectiveness of this approach by measuring the Sr/Ca ratios of the leachates via an isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry method (ID-TIMS). δ18Op values mostly excluded a riverine origin. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of one fish overlapped with the 87Sr/86Sr signatures of two lakes in the Anatolian region, and at least one lake (Gölcük) could be removed as a candidate owing to a very distinctive 87Sr/86Sr signature not found in any of the fish remains. Most of the tooth samples analyzed could not be assigned a precise geographical origin since the 87Sr/86Sr ratios measured in enamel did not match that of any of the local lakes selected as potential origin. This result suggests that carp may have originated from lakes that have not yet been sampled, although this conclusion is not supported by other archaeological evidence. Alternatively, the lack of correspondence between lakes and fish Sr isotope ratios highlights several possible sources of uncertainties including spatial heterogeneity in 87Sr/86Sr ratio within a lake, the contribution of dietary strontium to the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of fish tooth enamel, and post-mortem alteration of the tooth Sr isotope signal during fossilization. In spite of the high precision of the strontium isotope analyses and the wide range of variation in the surface waters of the Anatolian lakes and rivers, this method may remain limited to distinguishing between lakes situated in regions of bedrock of very distinct age and geology until these sources of uncertainty are more fully investigated. 相似文献