Modeling Discontinuous Change in Retailing Systems: Extensions of the Harris-Wilson Framework With Results From a Simulated Urban Retailing System

This paper provides a test of an extension to the Harris-Wilson (1978) model for examining discontinuous change in retailing systems. While the Harris-Wilson model has been used almost exclusively to examine discontinuous change in the size of retail outlets, Fotheringham (1985) and Fotheringham and Knudsen (1986b) have recently shown it can be extended to model discontinuous change in the size and the relative location of retail outlets. Here, we present a test of this extension in a simulated urban retailing system. We also consider in more depth the supply side of the Harris-Wilson framework and show how discontinuous changes between non-zero equilibria can be modeled. Until now this has been impossible due to the previously restricted nature of the model. The generalization presented and examined here also allows an investigation of the trade-off between the size and the location of retail outlets and of the effects of different types of consumer shopping behavior.     

Book reviews

General

Peter Elphick. The Far Eastern File: The Intelligence War in the Far East, 1930–1945. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1997. xvii, 510 pp. Introduction, author's note, maps, photographs, index. £20.00, hardcover.

Northeast Asia

Nancy Abelmann. Echoes of the Past, Epics of Dissent: A South Korean Social Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. US$40.00, hardcover; US$18.00, paper.

Robert Barnett and Shirin Akiner, editors. Resistance and Reform in Tibet. London: Hurst and Company, 1994. £32.00, hardcover; £12.95, paper.

Ronald D. Schwartz. Circle of Protest: Political Ritual in the Tibetan Uprising. London: Hurst and Company, 1994. £37.50, hardcover; £12.95, paper.

Mick Broderick. Hibakusha Cinema: Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Nuclear Image in Japanese Film. Japanese Studies Series. London and New York: Kegan Paul International, 1996. x, 255 pp. US$93.50, £55.00, hardcover.

Susan Brownell. Training the Body for China: Sports in the Moral Order of the People's Republic. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1995. 393 pp. Bibliography, index. US$49.95, hardcover; US$18.95, paper.

Lincoln Li. Student Nationalism in China, 1924–1949. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994. ix, 209 pp. Acknowledgments, notes, bibliography, plates, index. US$19.95, paper.

Colin Mackerras. China's Minority Cultures: Identities and Integration Since 1912. Melbourne: Longman, 1995. x, 252 pp. Contents, preface, maps, photographs, references, index. A$42.00, hardcover.

David Zweig. Freeing China's Farmers: Rural Restructuring in the Reform Era. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1997. xvii, 365 pp. Contents, preface, tables and figures, index. US$62.95, hardcover; US$24.95, paper.

South Asia

John Hutnyk. The Rumour of Calcutta: Tourism, Charity and the Poverty of Representation. London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1996. x, 223 pp. Preface, bibliography, index. US$65.00, hardcover; US$22.50, paper.

Frederic C. Thomas. Calcutta Poor: Elegies on a City above Pretense. An East Gate Book. New York and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1997. ix, 166 pp. Preface, plates, notes, bibliography, index. US$29.95, hardcover.

David William Martin. The Changing Face of Calcutta. New Delhi: Vikas, 1997. xxvii, 232 pp. Rs.450, hardcover.

Thomas R. Trautmann. Aryans and British India. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1997. ix‐xiv, 260 pp. Illustrations, maps, references, index. US$35, £24.95, hardcover.

David Gordon White. The Alchemical Body. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. xviii, 596 pp. Preface, abbreviations, notes, bibliography, index. US$49.95, hardcover.

Joanna Williams. The Two Headed Deer: Illustrations of the Ramayana in Orissa. California Studies in the History of Art, No. 34. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. xix, 210 pp. 289 plates. US$65.00, hardcover.

Liz Wilson. Charming Cadavers: Horrific Figurations of the Feminine in Indian Buddhist Hagiographic Literature. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. xviii, 258 pp. Foreword, bibliography, illustrations.

Stanley Wolpert. Nehru, A Tryst With Destiny. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. xii, 546 pp. Preface, illustrations, footnotes, bibliography, index. A$49.00, hardcover.

Southeast Asia

Justin Corfield, editor. Rama III and the Siamese Expedition to Kedah in 1939: The Dispatches of Luang Udomsombat. Trans. Cyril Skinner. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia No. 30. Melbourne: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1993. Editor's introduction, translator's introduction, map, plate, appendices, index. 338 pp. A$24.95, paper.

Duong Thu Huong. Novel Without a Name. Translated from the Vietnamese by Phan Huy Duong and Nina McPherson. London: Picador, 1995. 289 pp. A$16.95, paper.

Dean Forbes. Asian Metropolis: Urbanisation and the Southeast Asian City. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1996. xxii, 120 pp. Foreword, contents, maps, plates, index. A$19.95, paper.

Antoon Geels. Subud and the Javanese Mystical Tradition. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1997. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series No. 76. Preface, author's note, abstract. 262 pp. £30.00, hardcover.

Bryan Hunsaker, Theodore Mayer, Barbara Griffiths and Robert Daley. Loggers, Monks, Students and Entrepreneurs: Four Essays on Thailand. Introduction by Clark Neher. DeKalb, Illinois: Southeast Asia Publications, Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, 1996. Occasional Paper No. 18. vi, 143 pp. Introduction, bibliographies, index. US$12.00, paper.

Ian Mabbett and David Chandler. The Khmers. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1995. x, 289 pp. Preface, introduction, plates, maps, appendices, bibliography, index. £35.00, hardcover; £13.50, paper.

Leo Suryadinata, editor. Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians. Sydney and Singapore: Allen and Unwin, and ISEAS, 1997. A$35.00, paper.     

CLIENT GROUP ATTITUDES TOWARD ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY REGULATION*

A sample of local union officers was surveyed to determine the degree to which they supported the current approach to industrial safety regulation (the setting of safety standards under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970) as opposed to an alternative scheme (the imposition of an injury tax). Personal characteristics of the members of the sample were also obtained. These data were matched with the injury frequency rates of the industries in which the officers’ constituents were employed. Individuals surveyed tended to believe OSHA to have been an effective injury deterrent, although there were significant differences among groups within the sample. The establishment of safety standards was strongly supported as the “best” means to control industrial accidents.     

Book reviews

Sheldon W. Simon (ed.). East Asian Security in the Post‐Cold War Era. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1993. x + 230 pp. $US17.50 (paper), $US45.00 (cloth).

Chong‐Sik Lee (ed.). In Search of a New Order in East Asia. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1991. viii + 207 pp. $US15.00 (paper).

Rohana Mahmood (ed.). Peace in the Making: Proceedings of the Third Asia‐Pacific Roundtable. Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS), Malaysia, 1990. vi + 108 pp. £30.00 (cloth).

T.B. Millar and James Walter (eds). Asian‐Pacific Security After the Cold War. London: Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, 1992. iv + 125 pp. £8.50 (paper).

Kevin Clements (ed.). Peace and Security in the Asia Pacific Region. Palmerston North, NZ: The Dunmore Press, 1993. 400 pp. $29.95 (paper).

Peter Drysdale (ed.) in association with Martin O'Hare. The Soviets and the Pacific Challenge. Allen & Unwin (in association with the Australia‐Japan Research Centre, Australian National University, 1991. xxii+160pp. $17.95 (paper).

Richard W. Baker and Gary R. Hawke (eds). ANZUS Economics: Economic Trends and Relations Among Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1992. xii + 262 pp. No price given.

John Lewis Gaddis. The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. ix + 301 pp. $44.95 (cloth).

Michael Beschloss and Strobe Talbott. At the Highest Level: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War. London: Little, Brown and Company, 1993. xiv + 498 pp. $40.00 (cloth).

Richard Leaver and James Richardson (eds). The Post‐Cold War Order: Diagnoses and Prognoses. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993. vii + 278 pp. $24.95 (paper).

Barry Buzan, Charles Jones and Richard Little. The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. viii + 267 pp. US$46.00 (cloth), US$18.00 (paper).

James W. Lamare (ed.). International Crisis and Domestic Politics: Major Political Conflicts in the 1980s. New York: Praeger, 1991. viii + 192 pp. $US42.95 (cloth).

Anthony G. McGrew, Paul G. Lewis, et al. Global Politics: Globalization and the Nation‐State. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992. ix + 337 pp. $39.95 (paper).

James Der Derian. On Diplomacy. A Genealogy of Western Estrangement. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. vi + 258 pp. $39.95 (paper).

James Der Derian. Antidiplomacy. Spies, Terror, Speed and War. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1992. ix + 215 pp. $39.95 (paper).

Dayton Mak and Charles Stuart Kennedy. American Ambassadors in a Troubled World: Interviews with Senior Diplomats. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1992. viii + 231 pp. $US47.95 (cloth).

Joseph M. Siracusa. New Left Diplomatic Histories and Historians: The American Revisionists. Claremont, California: Regina Books, 1993. x + 132 pp. No price given.

George P. Shultz. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993. xiii + 1184 pp. $43.95 (cloth).

Walter Isaacson. Kissinger: A Biography. London: Faber and Faber, 1992. 893 pp. $27.95 (paper).

Torbjoem L. Knutsen. A History of International Relations Theory. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. ix + 298 pp. $37.50 (paper).

Desmond Ball and David Horner (eds). Strategic Studies in a Changing World: Global, Regional and Australian Perspectives. Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No. 89. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1992. xiv + 465 pp. $17.50 (paper).

David Campbell. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. ix + 269 pp. $45.00 (paper).

Richard Connaughton. Military Intervention in the 1990s: A New Logic of War. London: Routledge, 1992. xv + 198 pp. $45.00 (paper).

Asian Defence Policies: Great Powers and Regional Powers. Book One. Geelong: Deakin University Book Production Unit, 1992. 172 pp. No price given.

Emanuel Adler (ed.). The International Practice of Arms Control. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. xiv + 287 pp. $31.00 (paper).

Paul Keal (ed.). Ethics and Foreign Policy. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, in association with Department of International Relations, Australian National University, 1992. xiii + 259 pp. $24.95 (paper).

R.C. Smith. Ethics and Informal War. New York: Vantage Press, 1991. 213 pp. $US16.95 (cloth).

Malcolm Saunders. Quiet Dissenter: The Life and Thought of an Australian Pacifist. Eleanor May Moore, 1875–1949. Monograph No. 12, Peace Research Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1993. 398 pp. $16.00.

The Foundation for Development Cooperation. Banking With the Poor. Toowong, Qld: The Foundation for Development Cooperation, 1992. xiv + 223 pp. $15.00 (paper).

John Dunn (ed.). Democracy: The Unfinished Journey 508 BC to 1993 AD. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. xii + 290 pp. $54.95 (cloth).

David Held (ed.). Prospects for Democracy. North, South, East, West. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993. xi + 412 pp. $45.00 (paper).

Georg Serensen. Democracy and Democratization. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993. xv + 170 pp. $US13.95 (paper), $US49.50 (cloth).

Robert Pinkney. Democracy in the Third World. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993. ix + 182 pp. $39.95 (paper).

Eva Etzioni‐Halevy. The Elite Connection: Problems and Potential of Western Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993. vii + 239 pp. $39.95 (paper).

Lincoln Allison (ed.) The Changing Politics of Sport. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. viii + 238 pp. $45.00 (paper).

Laurie Zivetz et al. Doing Good: The Australian NGO Community. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991. xi + 288 pp. $24.95 (paper).

Bruce M. Koppel and Robert M. Orr (eds). Japan's Foreign Aid: Power and Policy in a New Era. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993. 378 pp. $US49.50 (paper).

Alan Rix. Japan's Foreign Aid Challenge: Policy Reform and Aid Leadership. London: Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series, 1993. 224 pp. $59.95 (cloth).

David Wright‐Neville. The Evolution of Japanese Foreign Aid, 1955–1990. Monograph No.2, Monash Development Studies Centre, Monash University, 1991. 122 pp. No price given.

Leslie Holmes. The End of Communist Power: Anti‐Corruption Campaigns and Legitimation Crisis. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993. xx + 358 pp. $29.95 (paper).

John Miller. Mikhail Gorbachev and the End of Soviet Power. Basingstoke, UK: The Macmillan Press, 1993. xviii + 267 pp. $36.95 (paper).

John Massey Stewart (ed.). The Soviet Environment: Problems, Policies and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. xv + 245 pp. $135 (cloth).

R. Higgott, R. Leaver and J. Ravenhill (eds). Pacific Economic Relations in the 1990s. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1993. xiv + 392 pp. $29.95 (paper).

Rodney V. Cole and Somsak Tambunlertchai (eds). The Future of Asia‐Pacific Economies: Pacific Islands at the Crossroads? Kuala Lumpur and Canberra: Asian and Pacific Development Centre and National Centre for Development Studies, 1993. x + 350 pp. $25.00.

Kevin Hewison, Richard Robison and Garry Rodan (eds). Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism. North Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993. vi + 249 pp. $22.95 (paper).

Stephen Frenkel (ed.). Organized Labor in the Asia‐Pacific Region: a Comparative Study of Trade Unionism in Nine Countries. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1993. xv + 413 pp. $US26.95 (paper), $US58.00 (paper).

Vitit Muntarbhorn. The Status of Refugees in Asia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. xi + 217 pp. $75.00 (cloth).

Ann Kent. Between Freedom and Subsistence: China and Human Rights. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1993. xiii + 293 pp. $25.95 (paper).

Ian Russell, Peter Van Ness and Beng‐Huat Chua. Australia's Human Rights Diplomacy. Canberra: Australian Foreign Policy Publications Program, Department of International Relations, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1992. vii+179 pp. $10.00 (paper).

June Grasso, Jay Corrin and Michael Kort. Modernisation and Revolution in China. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1991. xiii + 269 pp. $19.95 (paper).

Barbara Barnouin and Yu Changgen. Ten Years of Turbulence: The Chinese Cultural Revolution. London: Kegan Paul International, 1993. viii + 369 pp. £55.00 (cloth).

Wang Gungwu. The Chineseness of China: Selected Essays. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1991. ix + 354 pp. $42.50 (cloth).

Clement Tisdell. Economic Development in the Context of China. Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press, 1993. xiv + 218 pp. $65.95 (cloth).

Bob Lowry. Indonesian Defence Policy and the Indonesian Armed Forces. Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1993. 144 pp. $20.00 (paper).

K.S. Jomo (ed.). Industrialising Malaysia: Policy, Performance, Prospects. London: Routledge, 1993. xi + 354 pp. No price given.

Donald M. Nonini. British Colonial Rule and the Resistance of the Malay Peasantry, 1900–1957. New Haven: Southeast Asia Studies, Yale University, 1992. xiii + 237 pp. No price given.

Likhit Dhiravegin. Demi‐Democracy. The Evolution of the Thai Political System. Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1992. xiii + 242 pp. $US28.00 (paper).

Anek Laothamatas. Business Associations and the New Political Economy of Thailand: From Bureaucratic Polity to Liberal Corporatism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992. xiii + 202 pp. $US28.00 (paper).

Reynaldo C. Ileto and Rodney Sullivan (eds). Discovering Australasia. Essays on Philippine‐ Australian Interactions. Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University, 1993. xii + 215 pp. $25.00 (paper).

Robin Broad with John Cavanagh. Plundering Paradise. The Struggle for the Environment in the Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. xvi + 197 pp. No price given.

Dean Forbes, Terence Hull, David Marr and Brian Brogan (eds). Doi Moi: Vietnam's Renovation, Policy and Performance. Political and Social Change Monograph No. 14. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1991. xiv + 263 pp. $18.00 (paper).

Takashi Shiraishi and Motoo Furuta (eds). Indochina in the 1940s and 1950s. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, 1992. 196 pp. $US14.00 (paper).

David P. Chandler. Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1992. xiii + 254 pp. $19.95 (paper).

Mya Than. Myanmar's External Trade: An Overview in the Southeast Asian Context. Singapore: Asean Economic Research Unit, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1992. 116 pp. $S24.00 (paper).

Alastair Lamb. Kashmir: a Disputed Legacy. Hertingfordbury, UK: Roxford Books, 1991. xiv + 368 pp. £25.00 (cloth).

W. Howard Wriggins (ed.). Dynamics of Regional Politics: Four Systems on the Indian Ocean Rim. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992. xiv + 338 pp. $US46.00 (cloth).

Marina Ottaway. South Africa: The Struggle for a New Order. Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1993. xi + 250 pp. $US14.95 (paper), $US34.95 (cloth).

Gerhard Maré. Ethnicity and Politics in South Africa. London: Zed Books, 1993. xi+125 pp. $US17.50 (paper), $US49.95 (cloth).

Ian McGibbon (ed.). Undiplomatic Dialogue: Letters Between Carl Berendsen and Alister McIntosh 1943–1952. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1993. xx + 305 pp. $NZ29.95.

John Stevenson. Third Party Politics Since 1945: Liberals, Alliance and Liberal Democrats. Oxford: Blackwell/Institute of Contemporary British History, 1993. xii + 157 pp. $32.95 (paper).     

Presumption,policy and practice

This article aims to analyse the basis for the construction of current policy designed to use museums and galleries as agents of social inclusion in Great Britain. It does this by first analysing their social role and their historical contribution to social policy. The article then goes on to present the findings of a research project that compared the rhetoric surrounding this issue with practice. It concludes that a series of issues are preventing the successful construction and implementation of policy. These are: a lack of policy coherence across different parts of the British Government; an inability to successfully measure social impact; a lack of institutional clarity about how to respond to policy guidance; and a lack of understanding about what constitutes social exclusion. The final and most significant difficulty is the lack of clarity about what can be expected from museums and galleries in this respect. The underlying question of how they function in society remains largely unanswered and means that policy is not based upon firm foundations.     

George Weekes: Rogue Missionary to New England Indians, 1731–1755

During the mid‐1700s, an uneducated layman named George Weekes began preaching to Native Americans in the town of Harwich, Massachusetts. Weekes’ missionary activity triggered a passionate response from Nathaniel Stone, the local minister, and inaugurated a debate regarding ministerial qualifications within the community. Scholars who study English missionary activity in colonial New England tend to focus upon the careers of trained clergy, such as John Eliot or Josiah Cotton. Other individuals, who possessed questionable moral character and little education, also preached to New England Indians, however. In this instance, the career of George Weekes, a rogue missionary, reveals that contact with Native Americans could shape ecclesiastical life in colonial Massachusetts. It also suggests that Native Americans encountered popular, as well as elite, English religious culture when they interacted with English missionaries in early New England.     

VARIABLE RETURNS TO SCALE AND REGIONAL RESOURCE ALLOCATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY*

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the resource allocational implications of intra-industrial externalities, i.e., variable returns to scale (VRS), in a two-region general equilibrium model of production under uncertainty. It is shown that most standard results concerning changes in the goods price ratio with constant returns to scale (CRS) under uncertainty generalize to VRS. In contrast, standard results concerning changes in factor endowments extend from CRS to decreasing returns to scale, but not to all permissible levels of increasing returns to scale. Thus, such theorems as factor price equalization and Rybczynski do not generalize to all real-world levels of VRS.