Beyond Ideological Conflict: Political Incorporation of Buddhist Youth in the Early PRC

This essay explores the impact of governance on the Chinese religious landscape during the early years of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) through a case study of the Young Buddhist Association (YBA) of Shanghai. Despite the official atheist ideology of the Chinese Communist Party, during this era of New Democracy the YBA experienced Communist governance in practice as a process of political incorporation rather than coercive eradication. As its Buddhist youth movement not only survived the Communist takeover in 1949 but gained momentum well into the 1950s, the YBA was propelled to the forefront of the Buddhist community in Shanghai and became the most active and influential grassroots Buddhist organization in the early PRC. The case of the YBA demonstrates that incorporation into the new political order of the 1950s had transformative effects on the spatial construction, identity formation, and social dynamics of religious communities that cannot be reduced to steps toward their eventual elimination during the Cultural Revolution.     

苏联社会文化定式的形成、特点和演变

文化定式是指在跨文化交际过程中,人们将具有相同特征的一群人或者任何民族、种族塑造成一定的形象。不同的社会文化背景和历史条件下,人们对事物的认识会发生变化,有时认识与真实情况完全相悖。苏联不同时期社会对外部世界的认识不一,根本原因在于官方宣传的引导,次要原因是社会传统和文化传承。既有的社会文化定式将长期影响人们对事物的认识。     

从考古遗址马骨分辨马衔证据的新方法

马匹是和人类关系最为密切的动物之一,作为人类驯化的一种自然力量,对人类生活和文明进程产生过巨大的影响。柴尔德生前十分关注考古遗址中的马骨研究,在他的《告别辞》中,他特别呼吁考古学家加强对马骨的研究。在得知河南辉县发现了车马坑后,他还特地给中国历史博物馆的王振铎写信,详细询问马车的形制。布鲁斯.特里格提到,马可能是在中亚驯化的,然后与马具一起传到世界各地。然而,这个传播过程目前仍不清楚。马在我国商代就已引入,到春秋战国,马车和骑乘已经成为贵族和军队的常用运载工具,这个过程非常值得研究。目前我国学界对马的作用大致集中在马具和轮车,对马骨本身的研究似乎还比较薄弱,原因可能是缺乏比较系统可靠的鉴定方法。本文从分辨马衔对牙齿和齿隙的损伤来了解马匹的役使,为从马骨证据来了解马的使用提供了一种可行的途径。文章认为,使用马衔会对马的第二下臼齿前缘以及齿隙造成损伤,表现为下第二前臼齿前角的磨蚀、前缘釉质和齿质的带状暴露,在下颌的齿隙部位则会造成骨骼的磨蚀和新骨的形成。人们甚至还会刻意锉去下第二前臼齿的前角,使马在套上马衔时比较舒服。但是,为了和马牙的自然损耗相区别,在分辨马衔磨蚀时,需要检视这种磨蚀是否与上第二臼齿的咬合对应,马匹是否患咬合不正等等。同时还要考虑马衔质地以及役使的方式和强度等因素。我国考古遗址中出土的马骨也很丰富,值得我们仔细研究。结合马具和马车遗存,可以深入了解马在我国历史上的作用和驾驭方式,提高动物考古在社会文化信息提炼上的能力。本文中译因篇幅所限而略去了许多统计表格和一些照片。     

The limits of oral history: ethics and methodology amid highly politicized research settings

In recent years, oral history has been celebrated by its practitioners for its humanizing potential, and its ability to democratize history by bringing the narratives of people and communities typically absent in the archives into conversation with that of the political and intellectual elites who generally write history. And when dealing with the narratives of ordinary people living in conditions of social and political stability, the value of oral history is unquestionable. However, in recent years, oral historians have increasingly expanded their gaze to consider intimate accounts of extreme human experiences, such as narratives of survival and flight in response to mass atrocities. This shift in academic and practical interests begs the questions: Are there limits to oral historical methods and theory? And if so, what are these limits? This paper begins to address these questions by drawing upon fourteen months of fieldwork in Rwanda and Bosnia-Hercegovina, during which I conducted multiple life history interviews with approximately one hundred survivors, ex-combatants, and perpetrators of genocide and related mass atrocities. I argue that there are limits to the application of oral history, particularly when working amid highly politicized research settings.     

The cosmos of the Paris apartment: working-class family life in the nineteenth century

Drawing on Bachelard's notion of “cosmicity” this article investigates the living conditions of Parisian working-class families in the second half of the nineteenth century. Nineteenth-century social critics claimed that the lack of privacy in urban apartments made decent family life impossible. However, evidence from judicial dossiers concerning attentat à la pudeur (intimate assault against children) illuminates the lived experience of children and their families in Paris apartments. Rather than a sharp divide between public and private, children experienced their apartment homes as the core of a social and spatial world under the surveillance of parents, neighbors, and other children.     

Traveling with faith: the creation of women's immigrant aid associations in nineteenth and twentieth-century France

This article explores the efforts of French Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish women to morally, spiritually, and physically protect immigrant and migrant women and girls in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Women of faith worried about the dangers posed by the white slave trade, and they feared the loss of spiritual consciousness among women living far from their families and their places of worship. In response to these concerns, they developed numerous faith-based international organizations aimed at protecting vulnerable working-class immigrants. Upper-class women's work in immigrant aid societies allowed them to take on much greater social and religious leadership roles than they had in the past. Likewise, the intricate, international networks that these women developed contributed to the building of international cooperation throughout Europe.     

Neurognostics question. Gordon Morgan Holmes

Gordon Morgan Holmes, MD, MRCP was an Irish born neurologist who received his medical education at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. He was trained in neuroanatomy and neuropathology at the Senckenberg Institute, Frankfort-Am-Main by Ludwig Edinger. He then returned to serve as a Registrar (House Officer) mentored by Richard Gowers and John Hughlings Jackson at the National Hospital, Queen Square, London. He collaborated with Thomas Granger Stewart in describing the loss of recoil in patients with cerebellar hemispheric tumors in 1904. Volunteering in 1914 for frontline hospital duty, he examined soldiers who had injuries to their occipital area causing hypotonia, dysmetria, staggering gait, and falling to the side ipsilateral to their injured cerebellar hemisphere. Holmes discovered that increasing the pace of the finger-nose manuever and applying slight resistance to a moving limb attenuated the dysmetria. Continuing observation of these patients afforded him to describe the evolution of their injuries to include increasing tremor and decreasing hypotonia. Holmes first attached levers to the limbs of hispatients to record their movements on a moving smoked paper kymograph. In 1939 he published photograh tracings made by low mass minature light bulbs attached to ataxic limbs that showed thehpometira and hypometria of their movements ipsilateral to their damaged cerebellar lobes. Holmes made sigficant contributions to understanding of the physiology of the human cerebellum.     

关于多民族社区发展的思考——以乌鲁木齐市天山区为例

乌鲁木齐是一个多民族聚居的城市,全市每条街道都有少数民族居住。本文通过对乌鲁木齐市天山区这种由多民族居住的社区较多的区为例,探索少数民族聚居社区发展中的问题,对城市多民族社区的和谐构建提出针对性的建议,这样可以为多民族社区的发展提供参考,也可以为民族、社区和城市的共同发展提供有益的借鉴。     

亚洲北部地区“水珠形”眼睛人面像岩画年代研究

"水珠形"眼睛的人面像岩画主要分布在中国北方、俄罗斯远东以及西伯利亚中南部地区。其产生于中国新石器时代文化早中期,经过若干发展阶段,并在新石器时代晚期向北境扩散。向东到达黑龙江下游和乌苏里江;向西通过外贝加尔、安加拉河到达叶尼塞河中游地区。西线人面像岩画的传播路线表明,在中西方的古代交通中,存在着一条比草原丝绸之路更为古老的森林岩画之路,其存在年代约为新石器时代晚期到铜石并用时代。