Ochre Provenance and Procurement Strategies During The Middle Stone Age at Diepkloof Rock Shelter,South Africa

Usually referred to in archaeological contexts simply as ‘ochre’, ferruginous rocks were commonly used during the Middle Stone Age (MSA) in South Africa. While ochre use by early modern humans has often been interpreted as reflecting complex behaviours, related procurement strategies and selection criteria remain poorly documented. Eight ochre sources from the surroundings of Diepkloof rock shelter in South Africa and 28 ochre pieces from the site's MSA levels were studied by XRD, ICP–OES and ICP–MS. Mineralogical and geochemical data demonstrate that ochre was both locally procured and transported to the site from more distant sources. Here, we investigate the reasons underlying the choice of particular local and non‐local ochre sources exploited at Diepkloof, emphasizing differences in their physico‐chemical properties. Regardless of the motivations behind ochre selection, our data shed new light on the behavioural complexity of MSA societies and suggest that ochre procurement strategies may be independent of subsistence concerns.     

The Trouble with Propaganda: the Second World War,Franco's Spain,and the Origins of US Post-War Public Diplomacy

This paper explores the internecine conflict that characterised and undermined US propaganda toward neutral Spain in the Second World War. These tensions primarily confronted those who saw US propaganda as an ideological weapon of mass persuasion in a crusade against Fascism with those who defended that US informational and cultural operations should be subservient to traditional diplomacy, and so be limited to explaining US foreign policy and advancing bilateral friendship. In addition, the article argues that the unambiguous subordination of propaganda to diplomacy that characterised US public diplomacy during the cold war was one of the lessons learnt out of the civil war that US propagandists fought over Spain between 1941 and early 1945.     

Capitalism,Crisis and Critique: Reassessing Régis Debray's ‘Modest Contribution’ to Understanding May 1968 in Light of Luc Boltanski and Ève Chiapello's Le nouvel esprit du capitalisme

In 1978 Régis Debray argued that, rather than threatening to overthrow capitalism, the student and worker revolt of 1968 actually strengthened the mechanisms of capital accumulation in France. Today the historical significance of May 1968 continues to generate much debate and scholarly interest, yet Debray's controversial thesis is largely absent from contemporary accounts of May's impact on post-1968 socio-economic and political change. Adopting the theoretical framework of Luc Boltanski and Ève Chiapello's Le nouvel esprit du capitalisme, this article shows that Debray's work correctly highlights the ability of post-1968 capitalism to appropriate the critiques of May. In certain respects, Debray offered a prescient analysis of capitalism's ‘new spirit’ as later described by Boltanski and Chiapello. The article also explores some of the political and theoretical implications of a grave anti-capitalist threat being paradoxically turned into a source of capitalist strength. While highlighting the notable shortcomings in Debray's argument, particularly its deterministic approach, the article suggests that Debray's stimulating analysis of May 1968 instructively reveals the importance of understanding and explaining capitalism, crisis and critique together.     

Locality,Mobility and Governmentality in Colonial/Postcolonial New Caledonia: The case of the Kouare tribe (xûâ Xârâgwii), Thio (Cöö)

The colonial history of New Caledonia has been one of dispossession, alienation, and racial segregation. Indigenous people did not experience a life of all‐embracing confinement and immobility. Instead, Kanak localities were historically shaped by the interplay of colonial projects, ideas, tensions, power relations, practices, representations, values, norms, and emotions. Based on the example of Thio, located on the south‐east coast of New Caledonia, this article explores these transformations, focusing on processes of localization and mobility in the colonial and postcolonial eras. The first section focuses on the encounter with and the interplay between different organisations in Thio: the missionary, mining, pastoral, and administrative frontiers. The second section explores the multilayered history of the landscape and settlement patterns in Xârâgwii/Kouare (a tribe located in the mountainous part of Thio), and the third section analyses the interplay of locality and mobility since World War II. The final section examines the ‘invention’ of the tribe as part of colonial governmental projects. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the meaning of this evolving dialectic in the current context of decolonization.     

Hunting in Currier and Ives's America

Currier and Ives were the most prolific producers of inexpensive lithographs in nineteenth‐century America, their prints designed to be mirrors of national tastes and attitudes. They never intended to create fine art, but rather to produce images that would be attractive to their largely middle‐class clientele. As people gathered in cities in increasingly large numbers and had their work hours regulated, they had the time, interest, and disposable income to engage in various sporting activities. Well‐off city dwellers took to hunting, both for enjoyment and as a symbolic, ritualistic expression of their place in society. Hunting came to reflect urban males’ preoccupation with pursuits that might liberate them from the growing regimentation of city life and gave visible form to the definition of masculinity in their newly adopted urban environment. Currier and Ives mirrored the development of that image in more than 100 lithographs on hunting.     

Madagascar

EUROPE

Light and Shade in France. By Moma Clarke. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+236. London : John Murray, 1939. A Cheap Edition. Price 5s.

Historic Thorn Trees in the British Isles. By Vaughan Cornish, D.Sc. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 94. London : Country Life Ltd. Price 8s. 6d.

History under Fire. By J. Pope‐Hennessy. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+117. London : Batsford Ltd., 1941. Price 8s. 6d.

Front to Back. By Hector MacQuarrie. With an Introduction by Nora Waln. Demy 8vo. Pp. 286. London : Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1941. Price 8s. 6d. net.

The West Highlands and the Hebrides. By Alfred Harker. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xxiii+127. London: Cambridge University Press, 1941. Price 8s. 6d.

The Church and Parish of Liff. By A. B. Dalgetty. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.93. Dundee: Harley and Cox, 1941. Price 6s.

The Verge of Western Lakeland. By William T. Palmer. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.252. London: Robert Hale Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

Norway the Northern Playground. By W. C. Slingsby. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 227. London : Blackwells, 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

Polish Panorama. By Lewitt‐Him. Illustrated. Pp. 143. London: Kolin (Publishers) Ltd., and Faber and Faber Ltd., 1941. Price 8s. 6d.

Iceland, Past and Present. By Björn Thórdarson. Crown 4to. Pp. 47. London : Oxford University Press, 1941. Price 1s. net.

Captured. By Bessie Myers. Demy 8vo. Pp. 256. London : Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1941. Price 8s. 6d.

Tales of the Tatras. By Kazimierz Przerwa‐Tetjamer. Crown 8vo. Pp. 189. London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

The Land of the Rainbow. By Violet Mason. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.322. London : Minerva Publishing Co. Ltd., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

Europe's Trade. Economic Intelligence Service. Pp. 116. Geneva: League of Nations, 1941.

Ferox and Char in the Lochs of Scotland : An Inquiry. By R. P. Hardie. Demy 8vo. Pp. xviii+226. Edinburgh : Oliver and Boyd Ltd., 1940. Price 7s. 6d.

The Fall of the Tear. By H. J. Massingham. Demy 8vo. Pp.220. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1941. Price 6s.

Escape from France. By “Claire.” Demy 8vo. Pp. 117. London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1941. Price 2s. 6d.

The Ukraine: A History. By W. E. D. Allen. With Maps. Demy 8vo. Pp. xvi+404. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Ltd., 1941. Price 21s.

Yorkshire : East Riding with York. By Arthur Mee. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+266. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

Yorkshire: West Riding. By Arthur Mee. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. x+443. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 10s. 6d.

Yorkshire: North Riding. By Arthur Mee. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+275. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

AFRICA

South Africa Fights. By J. M. Simpson. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xv+256. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

Congo Doctor. By W. E. Davis. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. vii+286. London: Robert Hale Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

From Hobo to Cannibal King. By C. J. Thornhill. Demy 8vo. Pp.319. London : Stanley Paul Ltd., 1941. Price 2s. 6d.

In Morocco with the Legion. By G. Ward Price. Demy 8vo. Pp.288. London : Jarrolds Ltd., 1941. Price 2s. 6d.

Focus on Africa. By R. U. Light. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xii+228. New York : American Geographical Society, 1941.

African Intrigue. By A. Bateson. Demy 8vo. Pp. 288. London: Jarrolds Ltd., 1941. Price 2s. 6d.

Beyond the Smoke that Thunders. By L. P. Cullen. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.341. London: Oxford University Press, 1941. Price 15s.

AMERICA

Canada. By Lady Tweedsmuir. Medium 8vo. Illustrated. Pp. 48. London : Collins Ltd., 1941. Price 3s. 6d.

Voodoo Fire in Hayti. By R. A. Loederer. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 283. London : Jarrolds Ltd., 1941. Price 2s. 6d.

Kabloona. By Gontran de Poncins. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 320. London : Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

They Get Their Man. By P. H. Godsell. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 287. London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

Bushmaster. By Nicol Smith. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 320. London : Gollancz Ltd., 1941. Price 16s.

ASIA

North of Singapore. By Carveth Wells. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 267. London : Jarrolds Ltd., 1941. Price 19s.

The Tower of Five Glories. By C. P. Fitzgerald. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.280. London: Cresset Press, 1941. Price 16s.

Mongol Journeys By Owen Lattimore. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 284. London : Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

Green Prison. By Leigh Williams. Demy 8vo. Pp. 252. London : Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

Dawn Watch in China. By Joy Homer. Demy 8vo. Pp.288. London : Collins Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

GENERAL

Air Navigation. By F. G. Brown, B.A., B.Sc. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.374. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1941. Price 33s.

Outposts of War. By Gordon Young. Cr. 8vo. Pp. 252. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 5s.

Adventure is My Business. By F. W. De Valda. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.251. London : Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

Quest. By George Dibbern. Demy 8vo. Pp. 421. London : The Bodley Head Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

The Mountain Vision. By Frank Smythe. Illustrated. Pp. 308. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 18s.

The Bases of a World Commonwealth. By C. B. Fawcett. Demy 8vo. Pp. xi+167. London : Watts and Co., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

EDUCATIONAL

Wales : A Study in Geography and History. By E. G. Bown. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xvi+182. Cardiff: Univ. of Wales Press Board. Price 3s. 6d.

France. By John Finnemore. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. vi+90. London : A. and C. Black Ltd., 1941. Price 1s. 6d.     

Crystallographic and structural transformations of sedimentary chalcedony in flint upon heat treatment

The early occurrence of intentional heat treatment of silica rocks has recently become a key element in the discussion about the cultural modernity of prehistoric populations. Lithic vestiges are the only sources that remain of this process and the understanding of the material’s properties and transformations are essential for reconstructing the conditions and parameters applied during heat treatment. Several models of the structural transformations upon heating have been proposed in the current literature. These models are often contradictory and do not account for the most recent structural and mineralogical data on chalcedony. In order to propose a new model, we elaborated an experimental procedure and applied different techniques involving infrared spectroscopy, solid state NMR, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The results show that the major transformation to happen is the loss of silanole (SiOH) and the creation of new Si-O-Si bonds according to the reaction: Si?OH HO-Si → Si-O-Si + H₂O. This reaction starts between 200 °C and 300 °C and causes an increase in the hardness of the rocks. The maximal annealing temperature and the ramp rate are the functions of the ability of the structure to evacuate newly created H₂O and depend on the size of the specimen and the volume of its porosity. These results also show that the annealing duration at maximum temperature can be relatively short (<50 min) for a sufficiently large amount of transformation to be accomplished.     

Landscapes of political memories: War legacies and land negotiations in Laos

Wars and their aftermaths frequently transform land use and ownership, reshaping ‘post-conflict’ landscapes through new boundaries, population movements, land reforms and conditions of access. Within a global context of controversial land concessions and farmland acquisitions, we bring to light the continued salience of historical memories of war in the ways land conflicts are being negotiated in Laos. Considering circumstances at different scales—from bilateral government relations to village-level claims—we find that political capital linked to memories of wartime affiliations have crucial spatial and place-based connections, and that they affect the ways investors, government officials and villagers negotiate over land concessions. Ethnographic evidence, spatial analysis and a survey of expatriate development workers engaged with land issues in Laos suggest that such ‘political memories’ are an important but often overlooked factor in shaping an uneven concessions landscape. We discuss implications for foreign development organizations that tend to privilege technical and legal aspects of land management over such political dimensions.     

Multiple origins of Bondi Cave and Ortvale Klde (NW Georgia) obsidians and human mobility in Transcaucasia during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic

Using PIXE four types of elemental compositions were found among obsidian artefacts from the Bondi Cave and Ortvale Klde, Middle to Upper Palaeolithic sites in NW Georgia. One of those types corresponds to obsidians from the Chikiani source, whose compositions were determined with a very good agreement by PIXE and ICP-AES/MS. The composition of Chikiani obsidians is remarkably constant despite K–Ar and ³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar extrusion ages from ca 2.4 and 2.8 Ma. The compositions of two other groups of obsidian artefacts are similar to source materials from eastern Anatolia and Armenia, in particular Ikisdere, Sarikamis, Gutansar, and Hatis. Obsidian is only a minority component in the lithic assemblages at the Bondi Cave and Ortvale Klde. Both Neanderthal and Modern Human populations used obsidian in particular from Chikiani. Considering that the shortest walking distance to this nearest source is at minimum of about 180 km, and to other potential sources of more than 350 km it is suggested that this material reached these two sites mostly, if not exclusively, by a series of ‘down the line’ exchanges.