‘Social Exclusion’ Discourse and Chronic Poverty: A South African Case Study

This article questions the export of ‘social exclusion’ discourse to the field of development and poverty studies. It considers the findings of ongoing research into chronic poverty in the Western Cape district of Ceres, one of the centres of the South African deciduous fruit export industry. It explores the links between the livelihood options of poor people and processes of global integration, agro‐food restructuring and the modernization of paternalist farming styles. In this context the concept of ‘social exclusion’ is of only limited utility, and has significant disadvantages. Although it has the potential to focus attention on the disabling effects of poverty, its most common usage often fails to capture how poverty can flow not only from exclusion but also from processes of integration into broader economic and social networks. The author argues that these are better captured by the notion of ‘adverse incorporation’, and calls for a more cautious approach to the modernizing myths and moralizing narratives that shape policy debates.     

从阿史那忠墓志考骆宾王从军西域史实

一 骆宾王是初唐著名边塞诗人,但是学界对其从军西域活动的研究,一直存在着分歧,至今聚讼不休.唐人郗云卿<骆宾王文集序>及两<唐书>骆宾王传对骆宾王从军西域事只字未提,清人陈熙晋在为骆宾王诗文作笺注时首揭此事,谓唐高宗咸亨元年(670),吐蕃人寇,罢安西四镇,以薛仁贵为逻娑大总管.     

袁重其与《霜哺编》略考

对于清初文学和文化研究来说,2007年嘉德春季拍卖会上的一件古籍拍品似应引起格外关注.此拍品名<霜哺篇>,乃袁氏为弘扬寡母吴氏养育之恩而遍征名人赠言所成,上存120馀位当时名人题咏题跋的手迹和印鉴款识.据说原作共有40馀卷,至道光年间已散残,顾开增重付装池成三卷,光绪年间归常熟翁同稣收藏.关于这件拍品的辑者和内容,有关介绍甚为简略,仅言为"明末清初常熟孝子袁重其为感念其母寡居贞节、悉心养育之恩所辑"[1],且多有不确.     

阿克顿史学思想初探

阿克顿勋爵是19世纪英国最著名的史学家之一。他认为,人类社会的历史是一部自由史,道德法则是最终的历史评判标准,确定性和超然性是历史研究不可或缺的原则。他的思想超越了同时代的史家。但由于对史料的过分重视阻碍了他取得应有的学术成就,对于道德标准的执着使得他把复杂的历史过程看得过于简单化了。     

建州女真在明朝国家政权体系中的地位

明朝洪武以后实行绝对群主专制制度,除中央政府和地方政府外,对边远地区和少数民族地区则实行军政合一的管理体制,建州女真则属于军政合一的都指挥使司管辖。“卫”与“府”平级,真到努尔哈赤起兵之前,都是明朝庙以东北都司之下的若干个“卫”之一。由于中国古代存在“加官”制度,使努尔喻赤及其先世虽为“卫”级,却有“都督”、“将军”之类的官称。     

清代八旗学校中的外语教育

清代的旗人教育,设有专门教授外国语言文字的旗学,如俄罗斯学、朝鲜译学,某些旗学还设有外文专业,如回缅官学的缅甸文专业、内务府官学中的拉丁文专业。清末同文馆,也有旗人子弟学习英、法、俄、德、日本等国文字,这是适应当时的行政需要而设置,也是中国古代教育史上值得注意的特殊内容。鉴于学界尚无专文系统介绍,本文以专题形式对这类学校及专业的设置、教师及学生的情况分别作了某些考察。     

Lithic raw material physical properties and use-wear accrual

Understanding the nature of the physical properties of lithic raw materials is a pre-requisite for developing more reliable interpretations of use-wear evidence and tool function. We use nanoindentation and use-wear experimentation as a way to measure differences in raw material surface hardness and roughness in order to show that differences in lithic material properties have implications for rates of use-wear accrual.     

刘祁及其学术成就简评

刘祁出身于金代号称"丛桂蟾窟"的文学世家,以能文名冠当时,在史学和哲学方面也多有建树.刘从益和刘祁、刘郁父子三人为后人留下了必传之作,与汉代著名学者刘向、刘歆有许多相似之处,而在文学界的地位则与宋代三苏相类,为保存古代文献,弘扬道学,振兴金元文风做出了卓越贡献.     

隆兴寺摩尼殿山中观音始塑年代考

本文对正定隆兴寺摩尼殿内山中观音的始塑年代进行了探讨,通过对寺内其他殿堂宋代塑壁的考证及宋代观音造像风格的分析,并结合有关碑文的记载,认为现存的山中观音为宋代原塑,虽明代进行过修补妆严,但主体和风格未作大的改变。     

The Earliest High‐Fired Glazed Ceramic in China: Evidence from a Glazed Ceramic Sample from the Lajia Site,Qinghai Province

In the Majiayao cultural stratum of the Lajia site in Minhe County, Qinghai Province, much earthenware of rich variety and strong character has been found, among which the most special item is a suspected glazed white ceramic fragment. This study investigates this ceramic sherd and many other overfired objects. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy – energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and thermodilatometry were employed to analyse the composition, microstructure, phase composition and firing temperature of the white ceramic. In addition to large condensed glaze droplets, the white ceramic showed a thin and uneven glaze layer, which might represent the earliest results of the exploration of glaze‐making technology by Lajia inhabitants, and provide a new perspective on the study of the origin of Chinese proto‐porcelains.