In this paper I examine the development of a particular kind of grey stoneware called kamuiyaki which was produced and traded
within the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, in the eleventh to fourteenth centuries. The wares themselves, their chronology,
and archaeological context are discussed. The kilns represent the first enterprise in the islands in which a commodity was
made for exchange on a substantial scale. The establishment of the kilns in a remote area, with technological borrowing from
both Japan and Korea, reflects social and economic trends of the beginning of the Medieval Period in Japan. Greyware production,
circulation, and consumption, reconstructed from recent excavations, shows a political economy capable of fostering the development
of small states on the island of Okinawa in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. 相似文献
Ethnoarchaeology appears nowadays as a poorly formulated field. However, it could become a real science of reference for interpreting
the past if it was focused upon well-founded cross-cultural correlates, linking material culture with static and dynamic phenomena.
For this purpose, such correlates have to be studied in terms of explanatory mechanisms. Cross-cultural correlates correspond
to those regularities where explanatory mechanisms invoke universals. These universals can be studied by reference to the
theories found in the different disciplines they relate to and which are situated outside of the domain of archaeology. In
the domain of technology, cross-cultural correlates cover a wide range of static and dynamic phenomena. They allow the archaeologist
to interpret archaeological facts—for which there is not necessarily analogue—in terms of local historical scenario as well
as cultural evolution. In this respect, it is shown that ethnoarchaeology, when following appropriate methodologies and focussing
on the universals that underlie the diversity of archaeological facts, does provide the reference data needed to climb up
in the pyramid of inferences that make up our interpretative constructs. 相似文献
Level IV of Molodova I, an open-air Middle Paleolithic site in the Ukraine has been described by some researchers as a possible
source of evidence for early symbolic behavior. We examined bone objects from this layer that were identified by Ukrainian
researchers as exhibiting possible Neandertal produced engravings including two anthropomorphic figures. While we have determined
that there is no evidence of symbolic activity at Molodova I, the database we have created, with its systematic recording
of traces left by taphonomic agents on faunal remains, provides a better understanding of the overall site taphonomy. 相似文献
This paper evaluates some of the key arguments underlying what is called here the local production network paradigm (LPNP). These are presented as three interlinked hypotheses that turn on the idea that firms competing in world markets need to accommodate continuous change by fostering product or process innovation. The definition of innovation used in this study is “the commercially successful exploitation of new technologies, ideas or methods through the introduction of new products or processes, or through the improvement of existing ones” (EC DG XIII, 1996, p. 54).
One conventionally described organizational response to this requirement to accommodate continuous innovation is to dis‐integrate firms and set up local production networks. Local production networks are defined in this study as “collaborative linkages between local firms and local factors of production”. Such networks are said to rely on local resources of various kinds to enable them to innovate on a continuous and incremental basis. As a result of such dependencies on local factors, and their interconnectedness with each other, the local production network (LPN) firms then become ‘embedded’ in their localities. Such networked economies have been variously described as new industrial districts, areas of flexible specialization, and innovative milieux.
The evidence presented to test these hypotheses is based on a case study of innovative, award‐winning firms in Hertfordshire. The findings show that although these firms do compete successfully in fast‐moving international markets, they do not rely much on local production networks, as defined here, to enable them to do so. The findings call into question the general applicability of the LPNP. Questions are raised particularly with respect to innovation in the important minority of highly innovative core metropolitan regions.
Innovation is argued to be an interactive process that is both driven by a steady supply of technological advances and stimulated by different types of consumer demand. In the case of the firms interviewed in Hertfordshire, most of their innovative projects were developed by the firms working individually, and in isolation, from other local businesses using high quality, knowledge, information, human resources and venture capital. At the same time, these firms were also pulled by demands from military, health and company consumers. Only in the case of the minority of innovations that were purchased in the first instance by private final consumers were local production networks of some significance. 相似文献
ABSTRACT Numerous hedonic price analyses estimate price effects associated with hazardous waste site remediation or other environmental variation. This paper estimates a neighborhood transition model to capture the direct price effect from Superfund site clean‐up and the indirect price effects arising from residential sorting and changes in investment in the housing stock following clean‐up. First‐difference models of neighborhood change and a national sample are used. This approach fails to find consistent positive direct price effects. Positive indirect effects, however, may arise through residential sorting and neighborhood investment spurred by remediation. The findings can be sensitive to policy endogeneity and model specification. 相似文献