Identifying sites at risk from illicit metal detecting: from CRAVED to HOPPER

Archaeological sites are at risk from acquisitive crime: this paper focuses in particular on illicit metal detecting. The effects of theft in this context are not merely financial, but have devastating impact on our knowledge and understanding of the site. Even where items are later recovered, we lose the vital clues about the precise context of an object. We therefore need to reduce the risk of theft occurring in the first place.

This paper draws on case studies from England and presents a new methodology to assess which archaeological sites may be at risk from illicit metal detecting: ‘HOPPER’ identifies the characteristics of sites likely to be targeted by offenders looking for antiquities. In brief: History (a history of finds at the site); Open (the site has physical public access, and/or is documented in the public domain); Protection (protected status can act as a beacon for offenders); Publicity (site is known about or receiving new attention); Evasion (there are known ways to escape apprehension); and Repeat victimisation (The site has been a target before). The impact of HOPPER will be its use in the field to develop a pragmatic risk assessment applicable both in a local and international context.     

The Seasonal Mobility of Prehistoric Gazelle Herds in the Azraq Basin,Jordan: Modelling Alternative Strategies Using Stable Isotopes

The hunting of Gazella subgutturosa was a dominant practice for Epipalaeolithic and early Neolithic hunter–gatherers in the east Jordan steppe. The seasonal mobility of this taxon in the Levant is poorly understood, especially for early prehistory when herd movements would have influenced hunter-gatherer use of the steppes. This paper proposes four patterns of seasonal herd mobility for G. subgutturosa centred on Jordan’s Azraq Basin. The four patterns are modelled using oxygen, carbon and strontium stable isotopes. Seasonal environmental signatures of each are understood through carbon and strontium isotopic variation in sixty modern plant specimens collected from twelve selected locations in north Jordan, published data on oxygen isotopes in local precipitation, and the adaptive behaviour of G. subgutturosa. The integrated isotopic datasets provide clear discriminatory markers for each proposed mobility pattern. Results will be applied in future to isotopic data from archaeological gazelle teeth from the Azraq Basin.     

LES ORTSTEINS DU QUÉBEC: RÉPARTITION GEOGRAPHIQUE, RELATIONS GÉOMORPHOLOGIQUES ET ESSAI DE DATATION

Ce travail porte sur I'extension géographique des orts-teins au Québec et vise à déterminer les causes de leur répartition principalement pour la Côte-Nord du Saint-Laurent. Les données ont été puisées en partie dans des rapports pédologiques publiés sur le Québec, mais aussi observées dans des sites d'échantillonnage sur la Côte-Nord du Saint-Laurent, l'île d'Anticosti et en Gaspésie. Par ailleurs, pour les datations au ¹⁴C, six sites d'echantillonnage ont été choisis sur la Côte-Nord. Les résultats indiquent que les ortsteins se développent sous toutes les latitudes au sud de 55e parallèle et sous différentes conditions physiographiques et géologiques. On les retrouve aussi bien sur des silts sableux que sur des graviers grossiers et leur présence est favorisée lorsqu'il y a fluctuation de la nappe d'eau. Les datations au ¹⁴C ont donné des âges relativement jeunes pour les ortsteins, soit moins de 420 ans bp, indiquant qu'il y a une migration active de la matière organique dans les horizons concrétionnés. The present paper concerns the geographic delimitation of ortsteins in Québec and deals with the causes of their distribution mainly for the North Shore of the St. Lawrence River. Data was gathered in part in published geological reports in Quebec, and also acquired in the field along the North Shore of the St. Lawrence River, Anticosti Island, and in the Gaspé Peninsula. Furthermore, six study sites were selected for dating by ¹⁴C along the North Shore. Results indicate the ortsteins develop under all latitudes south of the 55th parallel and under different physiographic and geological conditions. They can be found on both sandy silts and coarse gravels, and their presence is enhanced whenever the water level fluctuates. ¹⁴C datings give relatively young ages for ortsteins, less than 420 years BP, indicating that an active migration of organic matter occurred in the indurated horizons.     

Remembering Things Seen: Experimental Approaches to the Process of Information Transmittal

The persistent problem of determining the factors that lead to continuity or variation when information is transmitted in different kinds of cultural situations is addressed here experimentally in a series of reproduction tasks. Art students were given varying degrees of exposure to different kinds of images and objects from different cultures and were asked to make reproductions. The results indicate that the most important factors leading to accurate reproductions are length of exposure, meaningful associations, and especially cultural knowledge. These factors can be used to develop more realistic archaeological models that posit the kinds of information transmitted in different kinds of contact situations.