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881.
Eric C. Kansa Sarah Whitcher Kansa Margie M. Burton Cindy Stankowski 《Archaeologies》2010,6(2):301-326
Primary data, though an essential resource for supporting authoritative archaeological narratives, rarely enters the public
record. Lack of primary data publication is also a major obstacle to cultural heritage preservation and the goals of cultural
resource management (CRM). Moreover, access to primary data is key to contesting claims about the past and to the formulation
of credible alternative interpretations. In response to these concerns, experimental systems have implemented a variety of
strategies to support online publication of primary data. Online data dissemination can be a powerful tool to meet the needs
of CRM professionals, establish better communication and collaborative ties with colleagues in academic settings, and encourage
public engagement with the documented record of the past. This paper introduces the ArchaeoML standard and its implementation
in the Open Context system. As will be discussed, the integration and online dissemination of primary data offer great opportunities
for making archaeological knowledge creation more participatory and transparent. However, different strategies in this area
involve important trade-offs, and all face complex conceptual, ethical, legal, and professional challenges. 相似文献
882.
The UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage represents a significant move forward in
the global protection and management of underwater cultural heritage. This paper reviews the Convention’s most basic tenets,
such as in situ preservation, refusing commercial recovery, encouraging the cooperation of States also beyond territorial
waters, and the creation of international standards for underwater archaeology. It also discusses the Scientific and Technical
Advisory Body and highlights the Convention’s current status as an important tool to preserve and protect an international
maritime heritage. 相似文献
883.
Quentin Lewis 《Archaeologies》2010,6(1):150-166
Scholars have postulated that commodity fetishism represents Marx’s theory of capitalist materiality, but the content of that
theory is contested. I offer an archaeology of Marx’s material world in order to understand the development of the concept.
During his time in London, Marx wrote and published Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867), in which he outlined the concept of commodity fetishism. I demonstrate that he formed his analysis of commodity fetishism
from daily practices including shopping, and consuming tobacco, in combination with his research at the British Museum. I
take an experiential approach to archaeology that foregrounds Marx living in a world of objects, and posit a relationship
between his experiences and his understanding of commodities. In so doing, I show how Marx’s “everyday life” shaped his concept
of commodity fetishism, and how this concept could be useful to historical archaeologists. 相似文献
884.
Barbara J. Roth 《Archaeologies》2010,6(2):337-345
This article presents an academic’s perspective on grey literature, providing the viewpoint from someone who has experience
publishing in both academic and grey literature venues. I explore the strengths and weaknesses of grey literature and argue
that more rigorous quality control, increased access to this literature, and more scholarly cooperation are necessary in order
for grey literature to become accepted as a legitimate published form. 相似文献
885.
886.
Carla Lancelotti Marco Madella P. Ajithprasad Cameron A. Petrie 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2010,2(4):307-320
This paper explores how mechanical properties of different South Asian tree taxa might influence charred wood fragmentation
and the composition of charcoal assemblages retrieved from archaeological contexts. The dataset is composed of selected plant
species that were collected in Gujarat (Northern India) in September 2007 as part of the North Gujarat Archaeological Project.
The taxa analysed represent the most common wood species found in the arid thorn scrubland formation in South Asia and are
among the most abundant identified in Neolithic and Chalcolithic archaeological sites in this area. The specimens have been
measured and subsequently charred at three different temperatures, under constant conditions. Afterwards, their resistance
to compression has been measured on two planes, parallel and perpendicular to the direction of fibres, using a Hounsfield
5-kN machine. The tests were performed in order to understand the different response to compressive stress of wood that has
been subject to a range of thermal degradations. The standardised treatment applied to the samples has permitted the comparison
of results and the delineation of simple correlations and divergences among the species analysed. Furthermore, the utilisation
of a relatively simple operating protocol easily allows the addition of further data in the future. The applied protocol was
specifically designed to answer archaeological questions. Therefore, even though from a material science point of view some
of the measurements were not taken according to the prevailing standard procedures, it offers valuable data for anthracological
research applied to archaeology in arid zones. 相似文献
887.
Sabine Klein Gerhard Peter Brey Soodabeh Durali-Müller Yann Lahaye 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2010,2(1):45-56
Copper isotopes can be successfully used to determine the origin of copper or bronze artefacts from either primary or supergene
sulphide or hydrocarbonate ores. In conjunction with lead isotopes, they provide information on the origin and type of the
metal ore. We demonstrate this in this paper from the combination of literature and own data on metal ores and artefacts (coins
and ingots). Low-temperature hydrocarbonates (esp. malachite and azurite) do not fractionate the copper isotopes amongst each
other and have identical lead isotopes. Substantial fractionation of copper isotopes, however, occurs between copper sulphides
and hydrocarbonates (malachite, azurite) such that the 65Cu isotope is always enriched in the oxidised relative to the sulphide phase with a clear distinction between the two ore
types. Expressed in the δ65Cu notation, we assigned supergene sulphides to values less than −0.4‰ down to negative values of −2‰ and more, primary sulphides
to a range between −0.4 and +0.3‰ and hydrocarbonates to positive values higher than +0.3‰. We have applied these boundaries
to copper coins and ingots from the time of the Roman emperors with known ages from Augustus up to 250 AD. The deposit fields
of the metal used for the production of the coins were previously identified from the lead isotope ratios to lie in the Southwest
and the Central South of Spain. From the combination of the lead and copper isotopes and the exact time constrains, we could
develop a picture of the change in mining activities in Spain involving continued mining sulphide ore deposits and, indicated
by positive δ65Cu values as proxies for malachite and azurite, the opening of new mines in various time slots. This first application shows
that copper isotopes will become the most important tool in archaeometallurgy to distinguish between the exploitation of deeper-seated
primary and supergene sulphide ores and shallower, secondary hydrocarbonate ores. This will become especially relevant for
archaeometric questions regarding the distinction between occasional and intentionally produced alloys. 相似文献
888.
高翔 《Frontiers of History in China》2010,5(1):1-29
Ethics based on Confucian moral virtues and guides as core values have long formed the “old tradition” in determining the
direction of China’s social development. Changes of urban residents’ values and corresponding changes in life styles in late
Ming Dynasty demonstrated the emergence of a new cultural tradition that advocated for human freedom and the development of
individuality, material enjoyment and pleasures in life, and questioned and critiqued Confucian moral virtues and guides.
Although such a cultural tradition had not yet matured, its humanist values made deep imprints in that period. This tradition
survived despite of the successions of dynasties and vicissitudes of the ages, although from time to time it became so weak
as on the verge of extinction. It was this continuous and unceasing cultural progress that later laid the primitive but essential
cultural foundation for the start of China’s efforts to achieve modernization after the middle of the 19th century. 相似文献
889.
Katsunori Tanaka Takeshi Honda Ryuji Ishikawa 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2010,2(2):69-78
Japanese rice cultivation in paddy fields has 2,400∼3,000 years of history. Most of modern Japanese rice varieties are classified
as Temperate-japonica (Tm-J). Few landraces are recognized as Tropical-japonica (Tr-J) only in southwestern Japan. However, ancient DNA studies and phytolith analysis suggest that Tr-J strains were more
popular in the past than now. Maekawa is a complex archaeological site composed of paddies dated from the Yayoi (2,100 years
BP) to the Heian (1,100 years BP) periods. Phytolith analysis indicates that intensive rice cultivation was practiced in both
periods, but there was no cultivation in the intervening period. Morphological features of bulliform phytoliths suggest that
Tr-J was cultivated during both periods. Locally, rice cultivation during the Heian period was brought to a close by a flood
event, in which immature rice plants were pulled down and buried in silt to be preserved in a quasi-carbonized/ waterlogged
state. Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis of the carbonized plant culm from Heian Maekawa recovered chloroplast DNA sequences of
the 6C7A plastid subtype, which is common to both Tr-J and Tm-J, whereas two plastid subtypes, such as 6C7A and also 7C6A,
were found in aDNA of carbonized grains from the Tareyanagi site of the Yayoi period. The latter plastid subtype was specific
only to Tr-J. In order to better characterize the past rice populations, modern landraces collected in the local area were
classified with morphophysiological traits. Some of the landraces were found to carry several traits of Tr-J, including bulliform
phytolith types, but mixed with Tm-J traits. Based on the discontinuous distribution of rice phytoliths between the Yayoi
and the Heian period, the early introduction of rice cultivation may have been discontinuous and locally reintroduced after
a ∼1,000-year hiatus, but with a genetically different rice population. Such populations were composed from Tr-J like strains
as shown by landraces but with reduced diversity in plastid types. Through such changes, since the Yayoi era, Tr-J was largely
replaced by Tm-J, although ancient Tr-J continued to participate in the genetic makeup of later rice populations and may have
aided the local adaptation of introduced Tm-J. 相似文献
890.
Elise M. S. Belle Saima Shah Tudor Parfitt Mark G. Thomas 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2010,2(3):217-224
Several cultural or religious groups claim descent from a common ancestor. The extent to which this claimed ancestry is real
or socially constructed can be assessed by means of genetic studies. Syed is a common honorific title given to male Muslims
belonging to certain families claiming descent from the Prophet Muhammad through his grandsons Hassan and Hussein, who lived
1,400 years ago and were the sons of the Prophet’s daughter Fatima. If all Syeds really are in direct descent from Hassan
and Hussein, we would expect the Y chromosomes of Syeds to be less diverse than those of non-Syeds. Outside the Arab world,
we would also expect to find that Syeds share Y chromosomes with Arab populations to a greater extent than they do with their
non-Syed geographic neighbours. In this study, we found that the Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from India and Pakistan
are no less diverse than those non-Syeds from the same regions, suggesting that there is no biological basis to the belief
that self-identified Syeds in this part of the world share a recent common ancestry. In addition to Syeds, we also considered
members of other hereditary Muslim lineages, which either claim descent from the tribe or family of Muhammad or from the residents
of Medinah. Here, we found that these lineages showed greater affinity to geographically distant Arab populations, than to
their neighbours from the Indian subcontinent, who do not belong to an Islamic honorific lineage. 相似文献