Banal and everyday (inter)nationalism: French and Italian anarchist exiles in London, 1870s–1914

This article explores the anarchists' multilayered theoretical and practical engagement with the concepts and performance of nations, nationalism and national belonging, by applying the frameworks of banal nationalism (understood as an ideology) and everyday nationhood (the daily practices in which nation and nationhood are enacted) as analytical categories, to investigate the Italian and French anarchist exile groups in London between 1870 and 1914. Adopting these theoretical categories proves fruitful in probing the anarchists' perception and enactment of the idea of nation and national belonging, contributing to the literature on the relationship between pre-1914 socialist movements and (inter)nationalism and highlighting the specificity of anarchism therein. Using Fox and Miller-Idriss's four categories of everyday nationhood, we show that while the anarchists explicitly subverted the everyday performance of nationhood, redeploying it along internationalist lines, some forms of attachment to the national did endure and were in fact not always contradictory with anarchist internationalism. Looking at the exilic rituals of this intensely diasporic group thus complicates the simplistic but still pervasive view of a monolithic ideological internationalism and rejection of the national on the part of anarchists.     

浅论翰林官对清代书风之影响

书法艺术乃我中华国粹,书法作品是书家天分、境界、悟性、修养和功力等因素综合作用而形成的文化艺术品。其发展有着漫长的过程,而历代书法风格的衍变过程,就是在继承优良传统的同时,不断有所发明、有所创造的过程。时至清代,书法艺术已发展到集大成阶段,其突出成就,则在于突破宋、元、明以来帖学之窠臼,开创碑学之新风。此外,在篆书、隶书和北魏碑体书法等方面,也成就卓著,面目一新,足可与唐代楷书、宋代行书、明代草书相媲美,形成了雄浑高雅之风格。尤其是碑学书法家借古开今的精神和表现个性的书法创作,使得书坛显得十分活跃,流派纷呈,一派兴盛局面。而翰林官因当时文人社会中的突兀地位,使得书坛翘楚多出自词林。本文就是对本问题进行的初步研究和探讨。     

Book reviews

Paul Cammack, David Pool and William Tordoff, Third World Politics. A Comparative Introduction. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988. xi+308pp. $22.95

Naomi Chazan, Robert Mortimer, John Ravenhill and Donald Rothchild. Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988. xi+459pp. $29.95.

Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba (eds). The Civic Culture Revisited. Newbury Park: Sage, 1989. 422pp. £39.95 (cloth), £15.75 (paper).

John R. Gibbins (ed). Contemporary Political Culture. Politics in a Postmodern Age. Newbury Park: Sage, 1989. 266pp. £27.50 (cloth), £10.95 (paper).

Kusuma Snitwongse and Sukhumbhand Paribatra (eds). Durable Stability in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1987. xiii+237pp. $S44 (cloth), $S32 (paper).

Lawrence C. Mayer. Redefining Comparative Politics. Promise Versus Performance. Newbury Park: Sage, 1989. 303pp. £29.50 (cloth), £13.95 (paper).

Amin Saikal (ed.). Refugees in the Modern World. Canberra: Department of International Relations, Australian National University, 1989‐ 125 pp. No price given.

W. Michael Reisman and Andrew R. Willard (eds). International Incidents: The Law That Counts in World Politics. Princeton: Princeton Unversity Press, 1988.xii+278 pp. $US35.00 (cloth), $US12.95 (paper).

Samuel B. Payne, The Conduct of War: An Introduction to Modem Warfare. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988. xiv+309 pp. $49.95.

Jane F. Marceau. A Family Business? The Making of an International Business Elite. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. x+247 pp. $65.00

Kenneth Hoover and Raymond Plant. Conservative Capitalism in Britain and the United States: A Critical Appraisal. London: Routledge, 1989. xvii+341 pp. $98.95.

David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989‐ 174 pp. $27.95.

Michael Dockrill. British Defence Since 1945. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988. 171 pp. $24.95.

Yves Boyer, Pierre Lellouche and John Roper (eds). Franco‐British Defence Co‐operation: A New Entent'e Cordiale?. London: Routledge, 1989‐ 194 pp. $89.95.

Kristian Gerner and Stefan Hedlund. Ideology and Rationality in the Soviet Model. A Legacy for Gorbachev. London and New York: Routledge, 1989. xii+455 pp. $105.00.

Boris Kagarlitsky. The Thinking Reed. Intellectuals and the Soviet State from 1917 to the Present. London: Verso, 1988. x+370 pp. $29.50.

Alan B. Sherr. The Other Side of Arms Control: Soviet Objectives in the Gorbachev Era. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988. xviii+325 pp. $US42.00.

David Childs, Thomas A. Baylis and Marilyn Rueschemeyer (eds). East Germany in Comparative Perspective. London & New York: Routledge, 1989. xvi+238 pp. $105.00

Tony Judt (ed.). Resistance and Revolution in Mediterranean Europe, 1939 ‐ 1948. London and New York: Routledge, 1989. iv+229 pp. $105.00.

Yoshihara Kunio. The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988. xiii+297 pp. $24.95.

Chin Kin Wah (ed.), Defense Spending in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 1987. ix+326pp. $US 20.00.

P.J. Soedjati Djiwandono & Young Mun Choeng (eds). Soldiers and Stability in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 1988. ix+354 pp. $US22.00.

Greg Lockhart. Nation in Arms: The Origins of the People's Army of Vietnam. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, in association with the Asian Studies Association of Australia, 1989‐ xiv+314pp. $29.95 (cloth), $24.95 (paper).

John Overton. Land and Differentiation in Rural Fiji. Canberra: National Centre for Development Studies, 1989. vii+152 pp. $20.00.

Walter Manshard and William B. Morgan (eds). Agricultural Expansion and Pioneer Settlements in the Humid Tropics. Tokyo: United Nations University, 1988, 305 pp. $US20.00.

Robert H. Bruce (ed). The Modern Indian Navy and the Indian Ocean: Developments and Implications. Perth: Centre for Indian Ocean Regional Studies, Curtin University of Technology/Australian Institute of International Affairs, x+168 pp. $22.50.

Rasul B. Rais. The Indian Ocean and the Superpowers, London: Croom Helm, 1988.215 pp. No price given.

Roy Mottahedeh. The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran, Harmonsworth: Penguin Books, 1987. 418 pp. $22.95.

Max G. Manwaring and Court Prisk (eds). El Salvador at War: An Oral History. Washington D.C.: National Defence College, 1988. liv + 500 pp. No price given.     

大理岩石刻文物黑色结壳清洗研究

大理岩是古代石刻和建筑的主要石材之一。随着近现代工业发展,很多大理岩石刻文物表面出现了大量黑色结壳——不仅严重影响了文物外观审美,而且会不断吸附各种污染物,吸收更多的辐射热量,造成文物的进一步劣化,因此亟需清洗。在前期对北京地区石刻文物本体及黑色结壳科技分析的基础上,选用碳酸铵法、乙二胺四乙酸法、物理法进行清洗试验用于对比,并于北京不同区域的6处典型石刻上进行现场试验,根据实际情况做出优化改良。采用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪、分光测色仪、显微镜和离子色谱仪对清洗前后状态及可溶盐含量进行评估,结果表明碳酸铵法对大理岩石刻文物表面黑色结壳具有较好的清洗效果,清洗方案比较高效合理,有助于相关石质文物病害的清洗和保护。     

“大仓文库”文津阁《四库全书》本《南巡盛典》纸张的综合科学分析

《四库全书》是中华民族乃至全人类的宝贵文化遗产,具有极其重要的文献价值和文物价值。其书写用纸在清宫档案中有明确记载,但迄今为止尚未有人对实物样本进行过科学分析。本研究以北京大学图书馆藏“大仓文库”文津阁《四库全书》本《南巡盛典》为样品,使用光学显微分析(OM)、纤维染色分析、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析(SEM-EDS)、显微计算机断层扫描分析(micro-CT)、微区X射线衍射分析(micro-XRD)以及衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(ATR-FTIR)等多种科学检测手段进行了综合分析。结果显示：该纸样正反两面微观形貌相同,纤维间均有白色颗粒状填料物质;纸张为单层,填料物质不规则分布于纸张内部;纸张纤维组分为大量檀皮和少量稻草;表面主要元素为C、O、Si、S和Ca;填料物质的主要成分为生石膏,推测其有可能为纸浆内添加或由纸内碳酸钙转化而来。基于上述分析结果可确认“大仓文库”文津阁《四库全书》本《南巡盛典》所用纸张为表面及内部无规律分布有生石膏的檀皮-稻草混料单层宣纸,进而从实物角度确切证明了文献中的“金线榜纸”为宣纸。     

海外所藏两铺河北地区北魏金铜释迦多宝并坐像名品探析

两千载一气呵成的中国佛教史中无疑烙有世俗权力的深刻烙印,如北魏中晚期释迦多宝二佛并坐造像的风靡一时,即与其作为孝文帝、冯太后“二圣政治”宗教宣传品的现世功用不无关联。河北地区系北朝施造铜、石单体释迦多宝二佛并坐像的根据地之一,本文选取流失海外的两铺出自河北地区的北魏金铜二佛并坐像名品加以探析。     

《石渠宝笈》著录马守贞《画兰图》卷考

马守真是明代著名的妓女画家,也是被作伪最多的女性画家。本文通过对马守真名守真与守贞的考证,以及对马守真创作风格、表现题材、款印样式等方面的分析,考证出原清宫旧藏、《石渠宝笈》著录的马守贞款《画兰图》卷为赝品,从而有助于对马守真作品的鉴藏与认知。     

Holocene Climatic Changes and Cultural Dynamics in the Libyan Sahara

Systematic surveys and excavations were carried out during the 1990–1996 field seasons in the Tadrart Acacus and surrounding areas, shedding new light on the climatic changes and cultural dynamics which occurred during the Holocene. In this paper, the geological, geomorphological, and archaeological evidence is assembled in order to provide a preliminary synthesis on the prehistory of the area. Pendant les saisons de terrain du 1990 au 1996, des récognitions et fouilles systématiques ont été conduites dans le Tadrart Acacus et dans les zones circonvoisines; ces études ont donne des nouvelles information en ce qui concerne les changements climatiques et les dynamiques culturelles de cette région pendant l'Holocène. Dans ce papier, les évidences géologiques, géomorphologiques, et archéologiques ont été intégrées afin d'obtenir une synthèse préliminaire sur la préhistoire de la région.