Legislation and Liberalization: The Debate About Corporal Punishment in Schools in Postwar West Germany, 1945--1975

Between 1945 and 1975 West Germany became modernized and liberalized.School education was one of the key fields in which this processwas played out. Methods of school discipline, corporal punishmentin particular, were the subject of heated public debates, reflectingthe broader political and moral issues of West German postwarreconstruction. The article examines the debate and its conclusionin the 1970s by focusing on Hesse, the only Land that bannedcorporal punishment in schools completely in 1946, and Bavariaand North Rhine-Westphalia, which both allowed it under restrictions.Proponents of corporal punishment pointed to the problems withdeviant youth in the postwar years and declared the use of thistype of sanction to be a right given to teachers by customarylaw. Opponents, however, put forward pedagogical, psychological,political, and moral arguments and called for a clear breakwith authoritarian methods of the past as necessary for rebuildingdemocracy. The pace and character of change, however, was determinedin the field of law. While a Supreme Court ruling in 1954 supportedthe opponents' position, a 1957 ruling by another Chamber ofthe same court reaffirmed the traditional customary-law viewof a teacher's right to wield the cane. Customary law couldonly be superseded by written law, but when most Land governmentsfinally abolished corporal punishment in schools in the early1970s, they did so, following Hesse's example, by administrativedecree only. While teachers who violated the ban therefore werenot automatically subject to criminal proceedings, courts remainedreluctant to uphold the ban. The abolition of corporal punishmentin schools, which also came at the price of an increase in bureaucraticregulations about school discipline and school life, can thusbe seen as reflecting the ambivalence of modernization and liberalizationafter 1945.     

Metaphrasis after the second iconoclasm Nicephorus Skeuophylax and his Encomia of Theophanes Confessor ( BHG 1790), Theodore of Sykeon ( BHG 1749), and George the Martyr ( BHG 682)

This article discusses the Constantinopolitan author Nicephorus "Skeuophylax" and his m uvre. In addition to his two known encomia , a third text, an Encomium of George the Martyr, is attributed to him. Dating between the mid-ninth and the mid-tenth centuries, Nicephorus was a sacristan of the church of Mary at the Blachernae and a monk, possibly of St George in the Deuteron. His speeches, all of them metaphraseis of older texts, are concise narratives with encomiastic elements. He used one of his texts to intervene in a contemporary debate on fasting. Nicephorus must be seen as one of the participants in the movement to create new settings for the commemorations of saints.     

Out of this World: Issues of Managing Tourism and Humanity’s Heritage on the Moon

Space tourism has become a reality and is bound to become ever more affordable. It is now time to spend serious thought on how humanity is going to manage the human material culture and heritage sites on the surface of the Moon. After all, the Apollo XI mission is of global human significance inasmuch as it was the first time a human being set foot on another celestial body. Environmental conditions on the Moon are such that what is considered low‐impact visitation on Earth would have devastating consequences for the heritage on the lunar surface. This paper highlights a range of issues, not the least of these being management in an environment without territorial control, neither physically nor legally. The multinational management of Antarctica is proposed as a model for the lunar surface.     

ARE LOCAL MILIEUS THE KEY TO INNOVATION PERFORMANCE?*

ABSTRACT This study investigates how local milieus foster innovation success in firms. We complement the common practice of linking firm performance indicators to regional characteristics with survey evidence on the perceived importance of locational factors. While the former approach assumes that location characteristics affect all firms in the same way, the survey allows us to model how firms judge the attractiveness of locations using a heterogeneous set of criteria. It turns out that the availability of highly skilled labor and the proximity to suppliers matter for firms' innovation performance. Interestingly, location factors obtained from the survey provide a more accurate explanation of how local milieus facilitate innovation.     

Where Do Cities Form? A Geographical Agglomeration Model for Europe*

Abstract. In the recent literature on spatial agglomeration models, substantial progress has been made in modeling urban structures in terms of number and size of cities, but the question where cities arise remains unanswered. This paper illustrates that if a spatial agglomeration model is extended with a true geographical dimension, the location of cities can also be endogenized. A geographical agglomeration model for Europe shows that the size and place of cities can be simultaneously determined. The empirical results suggest that elementary economic forces such as agglomeration economies and transportation costs might be able to explain place and size of cities in the long run to a substantial degree. In addition, some new statistical measures of fit are discussed that are needed to evaluate simulations results of this kind.     

Abkopplungstendenzen des suburbanen Raums von der Kernstadt – das Beispiel der Filderregion südlich von Stuttgart

In bundesdeutschen Agglomerationen zeichnen sich Tendenzen ab, da? sich der suburbane Raum aus der engen funktionalen Verflechtung mit der Kernstadt abkoppelt und eine zunehmend eigenst?ndige Entwicklung vollzieht. Empirische Belege dafür sind bisher eher selten (u.a. Brake et al. 1997), auch wenn diese Entwicklungen schon Mitte der 90er Jahre beobachtet wurden (Aring 1996, Müller/Rohr-Z?nker 1997, Burdack/Herfert 1998). Die Plausibilit?t der These einer Abkopplung wird nachfolgend für die Filderregion anhand von Daten aus empirischen Untersuchungen der Jahre 1998 bis 2001 untersucht; den Schwerpunkt bilden dabei die Gemeinden der „engeren” Filderregion, die rund um den Flughafen gelegen direkt an die Kernstadt Stuttgart angrenzen: Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Filderstadt und Ostfildern. Die Untersuchungen vereinen Methoden qualitativer und quantitativer Art, neben schriftlichen Befragungen mittels standardisierter Frageb?gen wurde über teilstrukturierte Interviews in Betrieben ein direkter Zugang zu den Einsch?tzungen von unternehmerischer Seite gew?hlt. Eine der Untersuchungen konzentrierte sich auf unternehmensorientierte Dienstleistungsbetriebe ( Eisenreich 2001), eine zweite erfa?te in einer „Wirtschaftsdatenbank” wichtige Strukturdaten von Unternehmen aller Wirtschaftszweige in Leinfelden-Echterdingen verbunden mit Einsch?tzungen der Betriebsleiter ( Schenk u.a. 2000); derzeit l?uft eine dritte Studie zur Dynamik des Einzelhandels in der polyzentrischen Siedlungsstruktur des engeren Filderraums ( Bartenbach u.a. 2002). Correspondence to:Dirk Eisenreich Correspondence to:Winfried Schenk     

Detecting the medieval cod trade: a new method and first results

This paper explores the potential of stable isotope analysis to identify the approximate region of catch of cod by analysing bones from medieval settlements in northern and western Europe. It measures the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of cod bone collagen from medieval control samples collected from sites around Arctic Norway, the North Sea, the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. These data were considered likely to differ by region due to, for example, variation in the length of the food chain, water temperature and salinity. We find that geographical structuring is indeed evident, making it possible to identify bones from cod caught in distant waters. These results provide a new methodology for studying the growth of long-range trade in dried cod and the related expansion of fishing effort—important aspects of the development of commercialisation in medieval Europe. As a first test of the method, we analyse three collections of cod bones tentatively interpreted as imported dried fish based on a priori zooarchaeological criteria. The results tentatively suggest that cod were being transported or traded over very long distances since the end of the first millennium AD.     

Survey of the Outline of an Early Roman Marching-camp in Germany by Rammner's Current Line Pertubation Method

The outline of the first discovered early Roman Marching-camp north of the Limes in Germany (Dorlar, State of Hessen) was determined by electrical resistivity sounding. The camp was inhabited sometime between 11 and 15 and used as base to conquer Dünsberg, a keltic-germanic oppidum. Rammner's Current Line Pertubation Method (CLP) detected soil disturbances caused by ancient Roman construction. The CLP-Method was used to measure the perturbation of a current due to inhomogeneities in the ground. Data processing made it possible to determine the outline of the Roman marching-camp with an accuracy of ±0·15 m. The electrical soundings were confirmed by selected excavations.     

Review Article: Migration in Germany

MATHIAS BEER, MARTIN KINTZINGER, and MARITA KRAUSS, eds. Migration und Integration: Aufnahme und Eingliederung im historischen Wandel. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1997. Pp. 167. DM 64.00; ANDREAS GESTRICH and MARITA KRAUSS, eds. Migration und Grenze. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998. Pp. 166. DM 68.00; STEVE HOCHSTADT. Mobility and Modernity: Migration in Germany, 1820–1989. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. Pp. xx, 331. $52.50 (US); JAMES H.JACKSON, JR. Migration and Urbanization in the Ruhr Valley, 1821-1914. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1997. Pp. xix, 452. $85.00 (US); KLAUS J. BADE and MYRON WEINER, eds. Migration Past, Migration Future: Germany and the United States. Providence: Berghahn, 1997. Pp. xvii, 158. $29.95 (US); RAINER MÜNZ and MYRON WEINER, eds. Migrants, Refugees, and Foreign Policy: US and German Policies toward Countries of Origin. Providence: Berghahn, 1997. Pp. xvi, 368. $59.95 (US); KAY HAILBRONNER, DAVID A. MARTIN, and HIROSHI MOTOMURA, eds. Immigration Admissions: The Search for Workable Policies in Germany and the United States. Providence: Berghahn, 1997. Pp. xii, 284. $49.95 (US); ALBRECHT WEBER, ed. Einwanderungsland Bundesrepublik Deutschland in der Europäiscken Union: Gestaltungsauftrag und Regelungsmöglichkeiten. Osnabrück: Universitätsverlag Rasch, 1997. Pp. 381. DM 56.00. Reviewed by Dirk Hoerder