The Changing Fortunes of a Policy Entrepreneur: The Case of Ross Garnaut

Few people inside or outside government have had a greater impact on public policy in Australia than Ross Garnaut. His report in 1990 provided a blueprint for Australia's economic ‘engagement’ with Asia, whether or not one agreed with its underlying logic and analysis. The reception of his report on climate change in 2011 could hardly have been more different. Why is it that some ideas enjoy wide support from influential actors and are enthusiastically taken up by policymakers, while others struggle to gain traction, even when backed by government? This paper provides some possible answers to this puzzle by identifying factors that facilitate or obstruct the influence and impact of ‘policy entrepreneurs’.

在澳大利亚政府内外,对公共政策影响最大的人士莫过于郜若素了。他发表于1990年的报告,你同意其逻辑分析也好,不同意也罢,反正它都为亚澳经济关系提供了蓝图。他于2011年发表的环境报却得到迥然不同的反应。何以一些观点能够得到重要社会主体的广泛支持以及政策制定者的积极采纳,而另一些观点哪怕是有政府做后盾,也难得推广呢？本文通过寻找有利或有碍“政策专业户”发挥影响的因素,对这个问题作了回答。     

Cold War,Public Opinion,and Foreign Policy Spending Decisions: Dynamic Representation by Congress and the President

Conventional wisdom before the Vietnam War held that public opinion exerted no influence on U.S. foreign policy decisions. Scholars working in Vietnam's aftermath found episodic influence of public opinion on foreign policy, but missing in our understanding were longitudinal examinations of public opinion's influence on foreign policy. A number of post-Vietnam scholars subsequently revealed a long-term relationship between public opinion and defense spending. This study extends that work by analyzing responsiveness to public opinion in different foreign policy arenas by different government institutions, and by accounting for a critical variable not relevant in most previous studies: the end of the cold war. We construct a model explaining the influences of public opinion and the cold war on spending proposals for defense and foreign economic aid by the presidency, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Both public opinion and the end of the cold war exert direct influence on defense spending proposals by the presidency, while the Senate and the House respond primarily to public opinion inputs and the partisan composition of the Senate. In the case of foreign economic aid, the cold war's end gives occasion for increasing spending proposals, contrary to the public's expectation that the end of the cold war minimized the need for the U.S. to provide foreign economic assistance.     

The Saga of the ‘Second industrial divide’ and the history of the ‘third Italy’: Evidence from export data

The idea of the Third Italy has achieved an iconic status in geography. It has come to represent one of the main geographical manifestations of the so‐called second industrial divide between Fordist mass production and flexible specialisation. Yet the idea has received limited critical attention since acquiring its elevated status. It deserves to do so, because it involves confusing a localised model of economic development with the economic character of a larger geographic region. Examining province level export data for the years 1985, 1991, 1995 and 1999 for both total exports and two key sectors using exploratory spatial data analysis, provincial rankings and LISAs (local indicators of spatial association) suggests that the export‐based homogeneity and dynamism of the Third Italy can be exaggerated. Italy's urban hierarchy, particularly the centrality of Milan, continues to play a significant role in the Italian economy. Common use of the term ‘Third Italy’ confuses an economic process with a specific geographical configuration.     

Notes on four miscellaneous shell and organic objects from Sharm

Four miscellaneous artefacts, which do not correspond to the other major small finds groups, are also included in the Sharm assemblage. Whilst the gastropod shell is positively identified as Tonna luteostoma, the materials and function of the remaining objects are conjectural.     

Values in a vacuum? Towards an integrated multi‐level analysis of the governance of European space

This article calls for a new analytical approach to address how the emergence of a new European spatial policy field conditions policy‐making and implementation across Europe. This is now urgent because as the new policy field takes shape, its core ideas and values are being contested across different scales, sectors and territories of governance, creating new debates and arenas where understandings of space, place and connectivity, and relations between environment, society and economy, are being recast in a European light. In the full flow of generating a new policy field, we still seem to know little about what is being put at stake, or specifically how this is occurring. A value‐driven critical response from the research community is therefore needed, informed by research activity reaching across many dimensions of governance and policy‐making. The point of developing such an approach is not to discount previous research, but to explore how to generate synthetic and critical insights from different disciplinary and conceptual approaches within an integrated analytical framework. After this discussion, we conclude by proposing that IMAGES (Integrated Multi‐level Analysis of the Governance of European Space) can provide such a framework for analysing the emerging policy field of European spatial polices by constructing narratives of how spatial policy ideas and concepts turn into programming space, and how different territories interrelate with these policy concepts, and at the same time contribute to shaping them. This viewpoint and framework are predicated on the authors' belief that values behind the concepts remain hidden at present, both in policy processes and related research. Spatial policies seem to happen in a vacuum of values. By putting spatial justice as a value into this vacuum and by exploring the multi‐level governance of European space within an integrative analytical framework, the further development and application of the IMAGES framework can fulfil the need to contest the idea of objective policy‐making and analysis in European spatial policy.     

Latitudinal variation in a photoperiod response gene in European barley: insight into the dynamics of agricultural spread from ‘historic’ specimens

Between ca. 6000 BC and ca. 500 BC, barley cultivation spread across the continent of Europe from the extreme south to the extreme north. Carbon-dating would suggest that this spread, and indeed the spread of crop cultivation generally, varied in its pace, with ‘delays’ at certain points along its route. Such delays in the spread of agriculture have been explained as resulting from the slow assimilation of agricultural practices by existing indigenous human populations or as the time taken for the crops to adapt to novel climatic conditions, such as altered temperature regimes and day-lengths. A mutant form of the photoperiod response gene, Ppd-H1, causes barley to be non-responsive to long days, while the wild-type responsive form allows plants to flower in response to long days. We sequenced this gene in 65 ‘historic’ barley accessions, from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in order to explore the potential role of environmental adaptation in the spread of agriculture. We chose to use ‘historic’ material, to complement the richer patterns in extant genetic lines, by spreading the data range in both time and space. Our ‘historic’ barley data shows a latitudinal divide in the Ppd-H1 gene similar to that found in extant lines, but with clearer geographical resolution, and extending northwards into the Arctic Circle. We discuss the implications of our results in relation to the dynamics of agricultural spread across Europe.     

Book reviews

Desmond Ball (ed.). Australia and the World: Prologue and Prospects. Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1990. xxxvi + 471 pp. A$20.00 (paper).

Ralph Pettman. International Politics: Balance of Power, Balance of Productivity, Balance of Ideologies. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1991. x + 252 pp. A$17.99 (paper).

Roger E. Kanet and Edward A. Kolodziej (eds.). The Cold War as Cooperation: Superpower Cooperation in Regional Conflict Management. London: Macmillan, 1991. xv + 439 pp. A$126.00 (hardcover).

Richard J. Krickus. The Superpowers in Crisis: Implications of Domestic Discord. Washington and Sydney: Pergamon‐Brassey's, 1987. xiii + 236 pp. £32.00 (hardcover), £14.95 (paper).

Khosrow Fatemi (ed.). Selected Readings in International Trade. New York and London: Taylor and Francis, 1991. vi + 179 pp. £21.00.

Richard D. Robinson (ed.). The International Communication of Technology: A Book of Readings. New York, Taylor & Francis, 1991. viii + 227 pp. £35.

Allan Webster and John Dunning (eds.). Structural Change in the World Economy. London: Routledge, 1990. xiii + 244 pp. A$105.00 (hardcover).

Graeme Cheeseman and St John Kettle (eds.). The New Australian Militarism: Undermining Our Future Stability. Sydney: Pluto Press, 1990. 231 pp. $14.95 (paper).

Christine Jennett and Randal G. Stewart (eds.). Hawke and Australian Public Policy. Melbourne, Macmillan, 1990. x + 422 pp. A$29.95 (paper).

Hugh V. Emy and Owen E. Hughes. Australian Politics: Realities in Conflict, 2nd edition. South Melbourne, Macmillan, 1991. ix + 577 pp. $34.95 (paper), $69.95 (hardcover).

Rosemary Whip and Colin A. Hughes (eds.). Political Crossroads: The 1989 Queensland Election. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1991. xv + 280 pp. $29.95 (paper).

Alan Burnett with Thomas‐Durell Young and Christine Wilson (eds.). The ANZUS Documents. Canberra Studies in World Affairs no. 28. Canberra: Australian National University, Department of International Relations, 1991. 315 pp. A$20.00 (paper).

Frank Donini. Anzus in Revision. Alabama: Air University Press, Maxwell Airforce Base, 1991. xvi + 203 pp. n.p.g.

Patrick Brogan. Eastern Europe, 1939–1989: The Fifty Year War. London: Bloomsbury, 1990. 281 pp. A$24.95 (paper).

Robert Miller. Soviet Foreign Policy Today: Gorbachev and the New Political Thinking. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991. 220 pp. A$17.95 (paper).

Paul Craig Roberts. Alienation and the Soviet Economy. The Collapse of the Socialist Era. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1990. xxvi + 123 pp. Second Edition. US$14.95 (paper) US$29.95 (hardcover).

Olga A. Narkiewicz. The End of the Bolshevik Dream. Western European Communist Parties in the Late Twentieth Century. London, Routledge, 1990. vi + 196 pp. A$89.95 (hard cover).

John Girling (ed.). Human Rights in the Asia‐Pacific Region. Canberra Studies in World Affairs no. 29. Canberra: Department of International Relations, Australian National University, 1991. vi + 111 pp. A$15.00 (paper).

Lea Jellinek. The Wheel of Fortune: The Histoty of a Poor Community in Jakarta. Sydney: Allen & Unwin ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series, xxviii + 214 pp. $24.95 (paper).

Anton Lucas. One Soul One Struggle. Region and Revolution in Indonesia. Sydney. Asian Studies Association of Australia in association with Allen and Unwin, 1991. xxvi + 301 pp. including maps and plates. A$24.95 (paper).

Robert Cribb. Gangsters and Revolutionaries: The Jakarta People's Militia and the Indonesian Revolution 1945–1949. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, Asian Studies Association of Australia, Southeast Asian Publications Series, no. 20, 1991. xii + 222 pp. Maps, photographs, index, bibliography. A$24.95 (paper).

Richard Tanter and Kenneth Young (eds.). The Politics of Middle Class Indonesia. Clayton: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1990. ii + 187 pp. No price given (paper).

Andrew MacIntyre. Business and Politics in Indonesia. Southeast Asia Publications Series No. 21. North Sydney: Asian Studies Association of Australia in association with Allen and Unwin, 1991. xv + 282 pp., including index. $24.95 (paper).

Humphrey McQueen. Japan to the Rescue. William Heinemann Australia, 1991. 345 pp., index, bibliography. A$24.95 (paper).

Masaya Shiraishi. Japanese Relations with Vietnam: 1951–1987. Ithaca: Southeast Asian Program, Cornell University, 1990. ix + 164 pp. US$12.00

Henry P. Frei. Japan's Southward Advance and Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1991. xvii + 303 pp. A$34.95 (hardcover).

Malama Meleisea. Making of Modem Samoa: Traditional Authority and Colonial Administration in the Modem History of Western Samoa. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific, 1987. xi + 280 pp. US$12.00 (paper).

Malama Meleisea (ed.). Lagaga. A Short History of Modem Samoa. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific, 1987. xx + 225 pp. US$12.00 (paper).

Dora Alves (ed.). Cooperative Security in the Pacific Basin: The 1988 Pacific Symposium. Washington: National Defense University Press, 1990. 346 pp. n.p.g.

Dora Alves (ed.). Change, Interdependence and Security in the Pacific Basin: The 1990 Pacific Symposium. Washington: National Defense University Press, 1991. 395 pp. n.p.g.

Jonathan Unger (ed.). The Pro‐Democracy Protests in China: Reports from the Provinces. Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe, 1991. xii + 239 pp., map, index. US$15.95 (paper), US$35.00 (hardcover).

Ruth Cherrington. China's Students: The Struggle for Democracy. London: Routledge, 1991. xi + 239 pp. A$89.95 (hardcover).