Making sense of remembrance

In recent years the annual cycle of war remembrance in Britain has been punctuated by major anniversaries and the inauguration of new war memorials. This paper explores whether time and forgetfulness are gradually eroding the power of twentieth century war memorials as traces of memory in the everyday landscape. It finds that at least some war memorials are retaining their significance and even evolving new significance as time passes. The paper considers how the sensuous and spectacular nature of war remembrance has contributed to this process and draws attention to the centrality of sight, sound and touch to remembrance activities. Case studies are then used to explore how war memorials in specific localities provide a locus for making sense of remembrance in the twenty‐first century.     

Modeling Suburbanization as an Evolutionary System Dynamic

The research undertaken investigates the applicability of Allen and Sanglier's dynamic model of urban system evolution to the process of suburbanization occurring in the post-World War II United States. The model, derived from principles of the theory of dissipative structures formulated by Ilya Prigogine, considers the urban system as open and far from equilibrium, thereby allowing a dynamic evolution which has the following properties. The structure of a system at any point in its development is historically contingent upon the sequence of structures it has exhibited in its past, and on the precise nature of random fluctuations which have acted to induce structural change. The joint action of chance and determinism influence a system's evolution through the complex interactions and feedback mechanisms embedded in its structure. The critical point at which these forces cause the system to undergo a structural change is called a bifurcation point. The model allows that the microdynamics of the system underlie its macrostate. This implies, therefore, the opportunity for individuals to influence the system's structure and for the possibility for creative system evolution to occur. The central question of the research was whether the processes of deconcentration of population and dispersal of employment from the central cities to the suburbs of large U.S. metropolises, with the resulting morphological shifts from mono- to polycentric urban forms, represent structural changes of the sort defined and modeled by Allen and Sanglier's adaptation of Prigogine's theory. The introduction of a calibration procedure, unspecified in previous applications of the model, provides a means whereby the calibration of the many system parameters can proceed in a systematic fashion, offering insight into the function of these parameters in the overall dynamic and their interactions with one another. Research results highlight the benefits of Allen and Sanglier's approach and areas inviting further investigation.     

ORGANIZATIONAL VARIABLES AND POLICY IMPACT: EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY

This paper explores how administrative organization practices mediate the impact of equal employment opportunity policy. Extra organizational variables are discussed as factors influencing the significance of organizational action. Organizational action in EEO may be rooted in a theory of change which views people as the critical variables or in a theory of change which views organizational structures or processes as critical. Intervention strategies flowing from each assumption are catalogued and special issues raised in exploring the impact of alternative strategies are discussed.     

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Children’s right to the city: the emergence of youth councils in the United States

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) spells out many rights, including the right to participate in decision-making. Within an urban context, a child’s ‘right to the city’ includes the opportunity to participate in local governance. Youth councils (YCs) provide such opportunities. Using a nationwide survey in the United States, this paper describes YC characteristics and accomplishments. Findings show that YCs generally operate with little funding and are commonly administered within parks and recreation departments or city council offices. In addition, YCs created prior to the 1990s primarily addressed youth-related problems, whereas those created after 2000, focused more on leadership skills. Significant accomplishments reported by YCs include the development of leadership skills and knowledge of government, and community-based service projects. The conclusion considers the impact of YCs on furthering the goals of the CRC and giving youth access to decision-making.