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31.
Bayesian Areal Wombling for Geographical Boundary Analysis 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
In the analysis of spatially referenced data, interest often focuses not on prediction of the spatially indexed variable itself, but on boundary analysis , that is, the determination of boundaries on the map that separate areas of higher and lower values. Existing boundary analysis methods are sometimes generically referred to as wombling , after a foundational article by Womble (1951). When data are available at point level (e.g., exact latitude and longitude of disease cases), such boundaries are most naturally obtained by locating the points of steepest ascent or descent on the fitted spatial surface (Banerjee, Gelfand, and Sirmans 2003). In this article, we propose related methods for areal data (i.e., data which consist only of sums or averages over geopolitical regions). Such methods are valuable in determining boundaries for data sets that, perhaps due to confidentiality concerns, are available only in ecological (aggregated) format, or are only collected this way (e.g., delivery of health-care or cost information). After a brief review of existing algorithmic techniques (including that implemented in the commercial software BoundarySeer), we propose a fully model-based framework for areal wombling, using Bayesian hierarchical models with posterior summaries computed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We explore the suitability of various existing hierarchical and spatial software packages (notably S-plus and WinBUGS) to the task, and show the approach's superiority over existing nonstochastic alternatives, both in terms of utility and average mean square error behavior. We also illustrate our methods (as well as the solution of advanced modeling issues such as simultaneous inference) using colorectal cancer late detection data collected at the county level in the state of Minnesota. 相似文献
32.
Bradley L. Garrett 《Archaeologies》2010,6(2):346-371
This article is a brief overview of an instance where landscape inundation has disconnected culture from place. The Winnemem
Wintu, a Native American tribe in Northern California, had most of their ancestral landscape along the McCloud River submerged
by the construction of Shasta Dam just after World War II. The tribe’s remaining traditional cultural properties are under
continual threat of loss and/or destruction, leaving the tribe’s ability to practice traditional ceremonies crippled by legal
battles and fights against the continual assertion of United States hegemonic power over tribal cultural identity. As part
of archaeological research on these submerged places, the tribe’s spiritual leader, Caleen Sisk-Franco, and Tribal Headman,
Mark Franco, spoke with the author about these threats and how their culture must adapt to meet them. 相似文献
33.
Carson SA 《The Journal of interdisciplinary history》2012,42(3):371-391
Body mass index (BMI) values reflect the net balance between nutrition, work effort, and calories consumed to fight disease. Nineteenth-century prison records in the United States demonstrate that the BMI values of blacks and whites were distributed symmetrically; neither underweight nor obese individuals were common among the working class. BMI values declined throughout the nineteenth century. By modern standards, however, nineteenth-century BMIs were in healthy weight ranges, though the biological living standards in rural areas exceeded those in urban areas. The increase in BMIs during the twentieth century did not have its origin in the nineteenth century. 相似文献
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Susan Hayes Hallie Buckley Richard Bradley Nick Milne John Dennison 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2012,19(2):306-321
This paper describes two approaches to the facial approximation of three individuals from the Wairau Bar burial site (New
Zealand). Two individuals were approximated working in direct reference to the remains and incorporated manual drafting. The
third individual, ‘Aunty’ (the respectful title given by the iwi Rangitane elders) was approximated from CT scans and using computer graphics. The computer graphic approach enabled a greater
level of precision in the application of the research and recommendations that inform a facial approximation, and facilitated
collaboration with appropriate expertise. The computer-graphic approach, however, also resulted in a more photographic facial
appearance, which can imply a greater level of knowledge about hard/soft tissue relationships than is currently available. 相似文献
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Cathryn Carson 《History & Technology》2013,29(3):233-270
In the 1950s, a small group of political, scientific and business leaders in West Germany were determined to build a center for nuclear reactor research and development. They characterized the venture as a three-way partnership, intending to set an example for a scientific-technical age. The project was eventually carried out, but not without much conflict. The attempts at cooperation show parties with divergent sets of criteria that they only inadequately reconciled, and the struggles display their conflicted understandings of both the public-private boundary and the scientific role. New archival material lets us inspect more accurately the workings of the proposed collaboration. It shows how the conflicts developed in practice, despite all parties' expressions of commitment to cooperation. 相似文献
40.
The assertion that public appeals by presidents can create electoral threats to noncompliant members of Congress is central to arguments about the value of "going public" as a legislative strategy. Although recent scholarship suggests a link between popular presidential rhetoric and the likelihood of bill passage, researchers have yet to examine the impact of public presidential appeals on individual legislators. This study examines the logic of electoral threats imposed by going public. We test whether a president's going public with increased intensity leads individual members of Congress to increase their support for presidential preferences on congressional floor votes. We employ several measures to assess the intensity of presidents' public appeals, including domestic speeches, nationally televised addresses, and speeches in legislators' home states. Several logistic regression models are tested to determine whether congressional support for presidential preferences on the floor is influenced by the interaction between members' electoral vulnerability and presidents' use of popular appeals. The findings suggest that presidential speechmaking has very little impact on the likelihood that members of Congress will support the president's position on roll call votes. We argue that this suggests a necessary revision of criticisms of the "rhetorical presidency." Public presidential appeals do not seem to present a considerable threat to a constitutional order that is predicated on congressional autonomy and deliberation. 相似文献