LES ORTSTEINS DU QUÉBEC: RÉPARTITION GEOGRAPHIQUE, RELATIONS GÉOMORPHOLOGIQUES ET ESSAI DE DATATION

Ce travail porte sur I'extension géographique des orts-teins au Québec et vise à déterminer les causes de leur répartition principalement pour la Côte-Nord du Saint-Laurent. Les données ont été puisées en partie dans des rapports pédologiques publiés sur le Québec, mais aussi observées dans des sites d'échantillonnage sur la Côte-Nord du Saint-Laurent, l'île d'Anticosti et en Gaspésie. Par ailleurs, pour les datations au ¹⁴C, six sites d'echantillonnage ont été choisis sur la Côte-Nord. Les résultats indiquent que les ortsteins se développent sous toutes les latitudes au sud de 55e parallèle et sous différentes conditions physiographiques et géologiques. On les retrouve aussi bien sur des silts sableux que sur des graviers grossiers et leur présence est favorisée lorsqu'il y a fluctuation de la nappe d'eau. Les datations au ¹⁴C ont donné des âges relativement jeunes pour les ortsteins, soit moins de 420 ans bp, indiquant qu'il y a une migration active de la matière organique dans les horizons concrétionnés. The present paper concerns the geographic delimitation of ortsteins in Québec and deals with the causes of their distribution mainly for the North Shore of the St. Lawrence River. Data was gathered in part in published geological reports in Quebec, and also acquired in the field along the North Shore of the St. Lawrence River, Anticosti Island, and in the Gaspé Peninsula. Furthermore, six study sites were selected for dating by ¹⁴C along the North Shore. Results indicate the ortsteins develop under all latitudes south of the 55th parallel and under different physiographic and geological conditions. They can be found on both sandy silts and coarse gravels, and their presence is enhanced whenever the water level fluctuates. ¹⁴C datings give relatively young ages for ortsteins, less than 420 years BP, indicating that an active migration of organic matter occurred in the indurated horizons.     

La Reconstruction Médicale de la Nature de L’Homme Aux XIe Et XIIe SiÈcles

At the end of the 11^th century, translations of Greek and above all Arabic texts played an important role in the building of a new medical science in western christendom. Although the men reading these texts were not all physicians, they could find in them a representation of human nature showing both its specificities and its similarities with the inanimate world. This representation, which was circulating before philosophical texts were first translated, emphasized the links between the state of the body and the passions of the soul, without assuming a psychological determinism that would have been unacceptable in the Christian context.     

GREEN GROWTH OR ECOLOGICAL COMMODIFICATION: DEBATING THE GREEN ECONOMY IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH

This article examines recent institutional thinking on the green economy and the implications of official understandings and structuration of a green economy for the global South. Assertions about the transformative potential of a green economy by many international actors conceals a complexity of problems, including the degree to which the green economy is still based on old fossil economies and technical fixes, and the processes through which the green economy ideation remains subject to Northern economic and technical dominance. The article places the intellectual roots of the green economy within a broader historical context and suggests some ways the strategic economic and ideological interests of the global North remain key drivers of green‐economy thinking. The analysis is substantiated through two illustrative Latin American examples: the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor and green economy initiatives in Brazil. These suggest that, if the green economy is to address global challenges effectively, it must be conceptualized as more than a bolt‐on to existing globalizing capitalism and encompass more critical understandings of the complex socio‐economic processes through which poverty is produced and reproduced and through which the global environment is being transformed, a critique which also applies to mainstream discourses of sustainable development.     

Toward a Theory of Collaborative Policy Networks: Identifying Structural Tendencies

Support for the "democratization of the policy sciences" has led to the development of a number of frameworks and theories to enhance the normative, multidisciplinary approach to policy analysis. However, this approach has been challenged for failing to produce the objective empirical and normative standards implied by its scientific aspirations. One consideration that has been advanced under a variety of rubrics is "participatory policy analysis." This is a methodological proposal that expands the range of actors/stakeholders involved in the making and execution of public policy in a discursive or deliberative mode. While much of the research on policy networks is focused on the management and coordination of such networks (i.e., collaborative management), there is little attention on analysis of networks as a participatory policy analytical approach. We propose a theory of "collaborative policy networks" that examines not only the stakeholder composition of a group or the partnerships between any two stakeholders but also the way these stakeholders are embedded in various degrees of institutionalized structure and the discursive tendencies of exchange among them that leads to policy initiative, implementation, evaluation, and possibly termination. Collaborative policy networks are characterized by discursive properties, specifically reciprocity, representation, equality, participatory decision making, and collaborative leadership. We suggest that the results of such research can identify structural signatures of collaborative policy networks that serve as "stamps" of the common nature of such networks that, if fostered, can inform and improve the attempt of networks of partners to achieve policy goals.     

Participation,consultation, confusion: professionals' understandings of children's participation in physical planning

This article discusses how professionals understand the theory and practice of children's participation in physical planning processes. Drawing on group discussions between Swedish professionals we analyse how children's participation is understood and negotiated, and why it is problematic to implement. The participants had difficulties in understanding the difference between participation and consultation, as well as recognising children as social actors with competences. We argue that while Swedish children have a strong position in society, they are excluded from planning processes due to the rigidity of the planning process, neoliberal influences and planners' lack of competence.     

Theorising Ethnicity and Ethnic Communalisations at the Margins: From Quebec to the World System

Abstract. This article explores the changing and competing relations between multiple forms of ethnic communalisations in Quebec, as the Quebecois nation is now confronted by pressures to redefine its boundaries in more inclusive terms. This specific case allows me to address two major theoretical questions. First, I re-examine the usefulness of the dominant mode of classification of nations, the binary opposition between ethnic and territorial nations. I then develop a perspective which makes visible the construction of the external and internal dimensions of ethnic boundaries as well as their interrelations. Focusing on processes of ethnic communalisation allows me to transcend both the former static, primordialist, empiricist, essentialist, naturalist and absolutist conception of ethnicity and some of the more recent radical constructivist conceptions which envisage ethnicity as an infinite slide of the signifier, a fantasy, a game. Finally, I locate ethnic communalisations and their theorisation within the framework of modernity and of the world system; by recognising the unequal relations which often underlie ethnic forms of communalisation, it becomes possible to decentre the conceptualisation and the theorisation of ethnicity, which are inseparable from ethnic relations themselves and from the position held by different countries within the world system.     

Deconstructing identities on the scaffold: the execution of Hugh Despenser the Younger, 1326

In this article, I will argue that the public execution of aristocratic traitors should be read in a wider socio-cultural context in conjunction with the more common interpretation of treason executions as state-controlled legalised violence. The latter approach tends to obscure the issues of honour and status which define identities created in a decidedly public sphere. This is in particular relevant for the limited number of elaborate executions of male aristocratic traitors in late thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century England. Concerning only a handful of men, these executions stand out in their emphasis on public humiliation and degradation, as well as in their insistence on destroying the integrity of the traitor's body. This implies a shared cultural understanding of aristocratic masculinities, founded in notions of nobility of lineage, loyalty, military prowess and physical health. Treason, as breach of loyalty, undermined this image of nobility, and indeed created a contradiction in terms: conceptually, corrupted nobility could not exist. By examining these executions in the light of aristocratic masculine self-representations, it becomes clear that these events are as much about punishing crimes and the breach of loyalty as about re-aligning cultural notions of nobility and ignobility by means of the traitor's body.     

The State of Free Speech

This article surveys the regulation of speech under the government of Prime Minister Howard so as to clarify the understandings of free speech that have been operant and to extrapolate from this debate to consider broader shifts in political forms. It reviews and contrasts liberal and republican conceptions of free speech and argues that what suffered most is the critical role free speech plays in ensuring popular sovereignty. It links this shift in the location of sovereignty with the changing role of the state in the context of globalisation and the demands from economic actors to remove impediments posed by certain forms of civic activism. Using this case, it theorises the apparently contradictory emergence of neoliberal and neoconservative trends, arguing that both undermine active citizenship.