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101.
Daniel Buck 《对极》2007,39(4):757-774
Abstract: Based on extensive interviews, this study is the first systematic attempt to map the spatio‐temporal evolution of production networks linking urban, state‐owned enterprises and rural, township and village‐owned enterprises in reform‐era China. It identifies two distinct regimes of urban‐to‐rural subcontracting patterns and conventions. The first, which developed and prospered from the mid‐1980s until the mid‐1990s, brought rural workers and the countryside into a relatively extensive relationship with urban capital, and thus represented a partial transition to capitalism. Its violent reconfiguration in the wake of a series of sectoral crises in the late 1990s led to the widespread privatisation of rural enterprises, and the emergence and consolidation of a second regime that simultaneously constituted a significant intensification of relations, the capture of the rural by the urban, and a new stage in this region's transition. This paper argues that these regimes are analogous to the formal and real subsumption of labor to capital, respectively, and that subsumption may be a more useful analytic for understanding the process of capture and transition than primitive accumulation: the latter concept alone, without reference to the dynamics of the social/spatial division of labor, risks missing other ways that exploitive connections can be constructed between places. This paper thus seeks to recast the relationship between these two concepts, and to develop a larger vocabulary in which subsumption, like primitive accumulation, is both spatial and ongoing and internal to capitalist accumulation. 相似文献
102.
Frank Osterhoff 《Standort - Zeitschrift für angewandte Geographie》2007,31(4):179-183
Zusammenfassung Regionale Entwicklungsstrategien werden in der Regel ohne substanzielle Beteiligung der Wirtschaft entwickelt. Das war im
Projekt „Zukunft Ruhr 2030“ anders. Hier hat der „Initiativkreis Ruhrgebiet“, die Vereinigung gro?er Unternehmen in der Metropolregion
Ruhr, Entwicklungsperspektiven für die Region aus Sicht der Wirtschaft entworfen. Sechs führende Unternehmensberatungen haben
in Zusammenarbeit mit Experten aus Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft verschiedene Themenfelder untersucht, eine Vision entwickelt
und daraus eine Entwicklungsstrategie für die kommenden Jahre abgeleitet. 相似文献
103.
Markus Leibenath Anke Hahn Robert Knippschild 《Standort - Zeitschrift für angewandte Geographie》2007,15(1):36-40
Der deutsch-tschechische Grenzraum liegt gewisserma?en in einer Sandwich-Position zwischen verschiedenen europ?ischen Makroregionen;
auf europ?ischer Ebene wird er bislang eher als Verbindungselement wahrgenommen. Seine innere Struktur ist von einer relativ
geringen Besiedlungsdichte und ausgepr?gten Stadt-Land-Unterschieden gekennzeichnet. Im Frühjahr 2006 gründeten die beiden
nationalen Regierungen eine deutsch-tschechische Arbeitsgruppe für Raumentwicklung. Der Artikel skizziert, welche Ziele und
Erwartungen damit verbunden werden und welche Funktionen ein solches Gremium übernehmen kann. Dazu wird zun?chst die Ausgangssituation
dieses Raumes skizziert. Abschlie?end wird das m?gliche Leitbild des „Mitteleurop?ischen Kristalls“ vorgestellt. 相似文献
104.
This study examines the interrelationship between external political support, internal organizational factors, and red tape, using a sample of information managers from state health and human service agencies. The study defines a red tape model and tests the model by structural equation modeling method. The study finds that political support has a direct effect on red tape. The higher the political support, the lower the level of red tape. The study also confirms an indirect effect of political support on red tape, mediated by developmental culture. Indirect effect through goal clarity has the correct sign but is not statistically significant. Practical recommendations are made for the political environment to provide the opportunity for managerial reforms that are often advocated. 相似文献
105.
This article challenges the received wisdom that French publicopinion was infused with pacifist sentiment during the 1930sand that this sentiment in turn contributed to the French defeatof 1940. It will suggest that French public attitudes towardsthe prospect of war can be better defined as war anxietyrather than the value-laden term pacifism. Takingas a test case the period between the Munich Agreement of September1938 and the outbreak of the Second World War less than a yearlater, the article will tease out the necessary distinctionbetween pacifism and war anxiety. By employinga notion of representations of public opinion,it will be shown how French opinion was demonstrably less pacifistthan many existing analyses assume. Instead, it will be contendedthat the public's anxieties with regard to a future war manifestedthemselves in a variety of ways, of which pacifism was merelyone example. Indeed, war anxiety increasingly demanded thatFrance prepare for an inevitable conflict, in stark contrastto simply retreating into a defeatist mindset. War anxiety wasfar from being a contributing factor in the defeat of 1940. 相似文献
106.
Studies of the African members of the family Bovidae have demonstrated the feasibility of using linear discriminant analysis to predict paleoenvironment based on measurements from postcranial skeletal elements. The use of discriminant analysis depends upon adherence to certain assumptions about the data set. In certain cases, these assumptions are violated, thus reducing the confidence of the results. The research presented here introduces the use of the non-parametric recursive partitioning method as a test of the linear discriminant method for predicting habitat from a collection of modern Bovid astragali from Southeast Asia. This study also provides a critique of the previous African studies. The results indicate that a combination of the parametric and non-parametric methods provides the highest prediction accuracy for Southeast Asian Bovids, though the independent methods do test favorably; thus providing an additional tool for archaeologists and paleoanthropologists in this region. 相似文献
107.
Daniel Marc Segesser 《European Review of History》2007,14(2):215-234
The issue of the punishment of war crimes has had a long history of debate in the twentieth and even already in the twenty-first century. Not much, however, is known about the debate on the issue before and during the First World War. This article tries to explore the debate among Western European jurists and publicists on the issue in the period between 1872 and 1918, linking it to the idea of civilised behaviour in wartime, as many jurists and publicists of the time believed that civilised states would in general not violate the laws of war. If that was nevertheless the case these violations were considered to be the consequence of an uncivilised behaviour, which was the more problematic the more the power concerned had been considered a part of the international community of civilised states. Crimes committed by nations that had been considered fully civilised before 1914 were therefore highlighted in the debate, whereas crimes committed in so-called semi-civilised or uncivilised areas of the world were only taken up if specific political or propagandistic reasons made it seem appropriate. 相似文献
108.
Richard Pearson 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2007,11(2):122-151
In this paper I examine the development of a particular kind of grey stoneware called kamuiyaki which was produced and traded
within the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, in the eleventh to fourteenth centuries. The wares themselves, their chronology,
and archaeological context are discussed. The kilns represent the first enterprise in the islands in which a commodity was
made for exchange on a substantial scale. The establishment of the kilns in a remote area, with technological borrowing from
both Japan and Korea, reflects social and economic trends of the beginning of the Medieval Period in Japan. Greyware production,
circulation, and consumption, reconstructed from recent excavations, shows a political economy capable of fostering the development
of small states on the island of Okinawa in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. 相似文献
109.
Valentine Roux 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2007,14(2):153-178
Ethnoarchaeology appears nowadays as a poorly formulated field. However, it could become a real science of reference for interpreting
the past if it was focused upon well-founded cross-cultural correlates, linking material culture with static and dynamic phenomena.
For this purpose, such correlates have to be studied in terms of explanatory mechanisms. Cross-cultural correlates correspond
to those regularities where explanatory mechanisms invoke universals. These universals can be studied by reference to the
theories found in the different disciplines they relate to and which are situated outside of the domain of archaeology. In
the domain of technology, cross-cultural correlates cover a wide range of static and dynamic phenomena. They allow the archaeologist
to interpret archaeological facts—for which there is not necessarily analogue—in terms of local historical scenario as well
as cultural evolution. In this respect, it is shown that ethnoarchaeology, when following appropriate methodologies and focussing
on the universals that underlie the diversity of archaeological facts, does provide the reference data needed to climb up
in the pyramid of inferences that make up our interpretative constructs. 相似文献
110.
Level IV of Molodova I, an open-air Middle Paleolithic site in the Ukraine has been described by some researchers as a possible
source of evidence for early symbolic behavior. We examined bone objects from this layer that were identified by Ukrainian
researchers as exhibiting possible Neandertal produced engravings including two anthropomorphic figures. While we have determined
that there is no evidence of symbolic activity at Molodova I, the database we have created, with its systematic recording
of traces left by taphonomic agents on faunal remains, provides a better understanding of the overall site taphonomy. 相似文献