Tibetan Woodcarving

Keeping Abreast with Religious Advancement
The chapel in the Tashilhunpo Monastery for the stupa of the 10th Panchen Lama was built in 1993. I found the woodcarving art was my newly discovered complex art. When and where from does Tibetan woodcarving originates？ I have not yet to make any conclusions from all my research. Notwithstanding, academic circles generally conclude that the origin and advancement of Tibetan woodcarving art was keeping abreast with the dissemination and development of Buddhism in Tibet. That is to say woodcarving was included when Songtsen Gampo built the Tubo Kingdom in the 7^th Century.     

TIBETAN TSHA-TSHA AND THAI PHRA-KRUANG

Tsha-Tsha exists in Thailand？
Before the end of 2007 my elder brother brought me some gift upon his returning from a NGO conference in Khon Kean. North Thailand. He told me that he was able to obtain several “rhai Tsha-Tsha” during his stay in Thailand.     

心灵的门窗——书画条屏艺术鉴析

条屏是中国书画艺术中的一种绘画形式和装帧品式,由古代堂屋、房间的室内装饰,用于间隔、挡风之用的屏风发展而来。从《后汉书》中的“列女屏风”、《三国志》中的曹不兴为孙权画屏风的记载可知,至少在汉代以前屏风作为室内装饰物就已经出现,而顾恺之的《列女仁智图》,周文矩的《重屏会棋图》,顾闳中的《韩熙载夜宴图》等则为我们提供了古代屏风的形式、功能及其摆设位置等多种图象信息。     

Differentiating between anthropogenic calcite in plaster,ash and natural calcite using infrared spectroscopy: implications in archaeology

Infrared spectroscopy provides information not only on the type of calcium carbonate polymorph, but also on the extent of atomic order. In calcite, three major infrared absorption peaks are identified: ν₃, ν₂, and ν₄. It was shown that the ratio between ν₂ and ν₄ bands reflects the order of the calcite crystal structure. In this paper we analyse this ratio in geologically formed calcites, archaeological plasters, modern plasters and experimentally prepared plasters. For the geological calcite, the values of the ν₂/ν₄ ratio are around 3, whereas for the experimentally prepared plasters, the values are around 6.5. The ν₂/ν₄ ratio for archaeological plasters varies from 3 to 6. This shows that a high ratio is indicative of disorder in the crystal, and implies that the calcite was formed from calcium oxide at high temperatures. It also implies that this disorder can be preserved for at least 14,000 years. The ν₂/ν₄ ratio of calcite from archaeological sites can thus be used to differentiate between anthropogenic calcite, such as in plaster, mortar and wood ash, from geogenic calcite, such as in limestone. The ratio may also be used to identify plaster or ash that still retains its original crystals and therefore carbon-14 content.     

DISTANCE FROM URBAN AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES AND RURAL POVERTY*

ABSTRACT Despite strong national economic growth and significant poverty reduction during the late 1990s, high poverty persisted in remote rural areas. This study uses a geographical information system county database to examine the nexus between rural U.S. poverty and remoteness. We find that poverty rates increase with greater rural distances from successively larger metropolitan areas (MAs). We explain this outcome as arising from the attenuation of urban agglomeration effects at greater distances and incomplete commuting and migration responses to lower labor demand in rural areas. One implication is that remote areas may particularly experience greater reductions in poverty from place‐based economic development policies.     

洪武朝内府官制之变与明初的宦权

明代宦官问题肇始于开国皇帝朱元璋,但一直以来对洪武朝任使宦官的性质与规模、明初宦官组织的形成特点等都缺乏深入的研究,这使得对明代宦官的认识缺乏一个"源性"的基础.事实上,在朱元璋统治时期,伴随着以宰相为首的传统外朝体制的解体以及一系列惨烈的政治事件的连续爆发,宦官组织在不断调整中得到巩固和发展.朱元璋刻意培育宦官并用以牵制外廷,体现了他一贯的分权思想;宦权的扩张反映了君权的空前膨胀.正是那位被普遍认为是禁止宦官干政的明太祖,赋予了宦官合法的权利和地位,从而使宦官在实质上已作为明王朝政治体制的一个组成部分而存在.     

Archaeology Unfolding: Diversity and the Loss of Isolation

Summary.   British historical archaeology has seen new theoretical engagement in recent years. A diverse and distinctive body of theory has developed in this increasingly vibrant and international area of study, testing disciplinary boundaries, especially with history, social anthropology and material culture studies.
This paper takes stock of three distinct processes within the new historical archaeology: the birth of material history, the loss of antiquity, and the loss of isolation. The implications of these processes for the wider discipline are explored with reference to landscape archaeology, using the example of the Ironbridge Gorge, Shropshire. In a consideration of future directions, it is argued that historical archaeology provides particular insights to the need across the discipline for archaeology to respond with self-confidence to complexity by drawing out and celebrating diversity in theory and practice.     

旅游符号学的理论述评和研究内容

旅游符号学是一个蕴藏着重大价值的研究领域。本文首先对符号、符号学和旅游符号学进行了简要介绍。本文还评述了旅游符号学研究现状;国外的旅游符号学研究包括旅游吸引物、旅游营销文本、旅游地表征、旅游体验和旅游想象等方面的研究。本文最后对旅游符号学研究的内容进行了剖析,包括旅游主体、媒介和客体的符号学研究。到目前为止,旅游符号学研究的深度和广度依然是比较有限的。     

旅游地生命周期的数学模型比较研究

本文分析了Logistic模型和Gompertz模型用于拟合旅游地生命周期曲线的内部数理逻辑,并通过收集中国部分省级行政区、重要旅游城市、著名旅游景区近30年的入境旅游人数统计资料,比较了上述两种数学模型对于拟合中国不同尺度旅游地演化过程的适用性,最后辨证地说明了旅游地生命周期假说的学术价值。