Relative changes in consistency of winter surface air temperature during ENSO events across western Canada

Previous studies established a connection between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and winter surface air temperature (SAT) in western Canada. This paper compares the year-to-year variation of winter SAT across the region under ENSO and ENSO-free (neutral) conditions. The comparison is based on the ratio of the difference between the standard deviation (σ) of mean monthly ENSO SAT signals and σ of mean monthly ENSO-free signal to σ of the mean monthly ENSO-free SAT. The signal is defined as the difference between mean monthly temperature during ENSO and the mean monthly ENSO-free SAT. During El Niño December and February, SAT variability is lower by 13 and 18 percent, respectively, than in an equivalent ENSO-free period. In January, variability under El Niño is 24 percent higher than its ENSO-free counterpart. During La Niña, decrease in variability is observed during all three months by 3, 21 and 24 percent from December through February, respectively. The lower variability experienced in five of the six ENSO months underscores greater winter SAT consistency during ENSO. Variability difference is lowest along the Pacific Coast and highest in the Prairies. Except in January under El Niño, those areas, which normally experience SAT variability higher than the regional average (mostly the Prairies), achieve greater temperature stability (reduced variability) during ENSO. January variability is higher in the Prairies during El Niño. In general, in western Canada, SAT regimes look more similar under ENSO than they do under ENSO-free conditions. ENSO tends to stabilise winter temperatures more effectively in the Prairies than it does along the coast.     

古代纺织品的世界——来自于古代绘画及雕塑品上的彩绘装饰

在众多的遗物中,真正的纺织品在不同范围被保存并且作为考古出土文物被保护。在埃及,中亚和欧洲（北方）地区,由于这些地方有利于有机物的保存因此可以非常频繁发现纺织品。古代（石质）雕塑如希腊瓶饰画或亚洲陶质雕塑都详细的描绘着衣物,往往辅以详细削减和图案表现。与此相比,比较少见的是古代雕塑彩绘装饰上手绘图案或装饰仍然可以认出或保存完好。被保护的纺织技术作为另一种技术用于制作纺织品,将被介绍并与古代以往的绘画和彩绘装饰保护实例作比较。图案与技术的表现将会用于说明并与真正的纺织品发现物的图案与技术作比较,同时与纺织技术的重建相结合。发现物的样品来自于欧洲,地中海东部和中东。这将表明从古代遗物的绘画上区分独立的纺织技术,并且图案也可以用于证实真正的纺织生产工艺的结论。     

Dealing with Sustainability Trade-Offs of the Compact City in Peri-Urban Planning Across European City Regions

The compact city has become a leading concept in the planning of peri-urban areas. The compact city concept is often advocated as “sustainable” because of claims that include lower emissions and conservation of the countryside. The literature shows, however, that there are certain trade-offs in striving for compaction, especially between environmental and social aspects of sustainability. In this article, we describe expressions of the compact city concept in the planning practice of several European urban sample regions, as well as policies and developments that contradict the compact city. We look at examples of positive and negative impacts of the compact city that were observed in the sample regions. Further, we discuss attempts by planners to deal with sustainability trade-offs. Being aware that developments in the peri-urban areas are closely connected to those in the inner city, we compare the sample regions in order to learn how the compact city concept has been used in planning peri-urban areas across different contexts in Europe: in Western, Central and Mediterranean Europe, and with growing, stable or declining populations. We conclude with recommendations with respect to balance in applying the compact city concept.     

Guidelines for the “Perfect Inner City”. Discussing the Appropriateness of Monitoring Approaches for Reurbanization

In this paper, we analyse the appropriateness of monitoring approaches for the observation of inner-city reurbanization processes. Reurbanization is conceptualized here as a process of long-term stabilization of inner-city areas by both a readiness of present residents to stay and an influx of new residents. It has been recently re-set on the top of the European urban research agenda since non-growth has proved to be a major path of future development for many European cities. Recent research evidence across Europe underscores the fact that reurbanization depends much on local settings of institutional, socio-economic and infrastructural factors. To foster a clearer understanding of the nature and dynamics of local reurbanization, to assess its extent and progress and, what is more, to help practitioners to shape sustainable policy initiatives appropriate to the respective context, reurbanization needs to be observed over the long term. The complex character of reurbanization sets new challenges for monitoring approaches and indicator-based tools. Due to the genuine relation of the present debate on reurbanization to the phenomenon of non-growth or the return of the compact city, the focus in this paper is set on demographic development trends and their impact on inner-city change. In this vein, our paper presents a monitoring design and a respective newly developed indicator set for reurbanization which focuses more on the initial recognition of reurbanization than on its long-term stability. Methodically, chances and limits of the integration of household-related indicators and qualitative knowledge on reurbanization into monitoring tools are highlighted. Empirical and statistical evidence is taken from a recently completed EU FP 5 research project and from municipal surveys.     

Ars critica. Der Rhetorlehrer Quintilian als Vorbild für Begriffe und Aufgaben von Kritik in neulateinischen Reden und Schriften Deutschlands im 18.Jahrhundert

Theme of this article is the ancient Roman tradition of criticism based of the standard ">institutio oratoria« of the late Roman teacher of rhetoric Quintilianus and the reception of rhetorical and critical theory among German 18th century philologists. Just like Immanuel Kant's terminology of 'Kritik' the Latin terms critica and ars critica became in the 18th century basic terms for the research in the history of philology and the social importance of this scientific work. The researchers' documentations in the 18th century demonstrate the ancient tradition between criticism and the liberal arts of the trivium which are studies in rethoric, dialectic and grammar.     

Consumption Strategies and Social Implications in Two Danish Towns in the 13th–16th Centuries

THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS a new contextual model to study the social implications of consumption strategies in an archaeological context. The model can be used to establish a baseline of consumption, against which other consumption strategies can be measured. By analysing and comparing finds from two different urban locations in medieval Denmark, we examine how these urban environments facilitated different consumption strategies, and how these strategies changed over time. We also discuss how the archaeological record can contribute to analysing the negotiation of social identities through consumption patterns and consumer choices as reflected in artefact assemblages. The analysis demonstrates that consumption strategies depend on and are related to the characteristics and social complexity of the town in terms of demographics and networks.     

Sexual Morality in 1960s West Germany

This essay investigates the relationship between the sexualrevolution of the 1960s in West Germany and the short and long-termlegacies of the Third Reich. It offers a challenge to conventionalperspectives on the sexual politics of Nazism and thus alsoon the complicated combination of continuities and rupturesin sexual politics that marked the transition from the end ofWorld War II into the more conservative sexual culture of the1950s. The essay then turns to the multiple factors that triggeredthe sexual liberalization of the 1960s. Rejecting as too simplisticthe long-held assumption that rising economic standards explainthe liberalizing trends, the essay also charts how, in waysdistinctively West German, the sexual liberalization that occurredin the course of the 1960s was morally legitimated. The essayexamines the changing interpretations of the Third Reich thatemerged in the course of the 1960s and how these were deployedin battles over sexuality. Although recognizing the dramatictransformations in young people's sexual practices and viewsin particular, the essay stresses as well that sexual liberalizationwas not only the result of New Left student activism but ratherrequired engaged activism also from older liberals; the sexualrevolution was carried by a very broad social base, involvingmembers of all generations and a broad spectrum of politicalpersuasions. Special attention is also paid to the importantrole of liberalizing processes within the Christian churchesin helping to justify the loosening of popular mores.