Old wine in new bottles: civic nation‐building and ethnic nationalism in schooling in Piedmont,ca. 1700–1861

ABSTRACT. Gellner (1983 : 35) equates nationalism with ‘the organisation of human groups into large, centrally educated, culturally homogeneous units’. As the theorist of nationalism argues, and as recent and not so recent historical research shows, the modernisation of schooling is a defining moment in this process. The objective of this article is twofold: first, to show that during the Risorgimento schooling in Piedmont became nationalist; and second, to explain why that was the case. In doing so, it is argued that: (a) the modernisation of schooling reflected the rise of laissez faire liberalism, industrialisation and the enfranchisement of the middle class; and (b) the leadership of the Risorgimento revived pre‐modern ethnic symbols of patriotism to legitimate inequality and state formation under conditions of individualism.     

Assessment of Riparian Rainforest Vegetation Change in Tropical North Queensland for Management and Restoration Purposes

Changes in riparian vegetation extent in northern Queensland, Australia were assessed using aerial photographs from 1944 and 2000. Change in riparian extent was recorded as vegetation gain or loss. Changes in density were recorded as vegetation thickening. Riparian forest coverage increased by 22 ha during this time period in the Mossman River catchment. A total of 124 ha of riparian forest were gained, while 101 ha of riparian forest were lost. A further 59 ha of forest increased in density over this time period. Clearing, changes in farm management practices and natural stream channel movement have been identified as three potential causes for these changes. Areas with little or no riparian vegetation were identified and categorised into priority levels for potential revegetation efforts.     

LA PÉPINIÈRE D'ENTREPRISES DANS LE CONTEXTE D'UN PARC SCIENTIFIQUE: L'EXEMPLE DU CENTRE QUÉBÉCOIS D'INNOVATION EN BIO TECHNOLOGIE À LAVAL, QUÉBEC (CANADA)

L'émergence de pépinières visant à soutenir la formation d'entreprises à caractère innovateur demeure un phénomèna relativement récent. Dans les villes où il existe un parc scientifique, ou encore où l'on développe un projet de technopôle, la pépinière représente un outil d'aménagement et d'intervention de premier ordre en termes d'innovation et de transfert technologique.
Cependant, le problème est de reconnître dans quelle mesure la pépinière d'entreprises constitue un appareil d'appui et de services à l'expansion des futures entreprises, en regard des préoccupations locales de développement économique. L'étude du Centre Québécois d'innovation en Biotechnologie à Laval nous a permis de nourrir cette réflexion et d'apprécier le rôle qu'il joue en matière de développement economique au sein d'une opération technopolitaine.
The rise of business incubators to help in the creation of new innovative firms is a fairly new phenomenon. For cities that have developed science parks or technopoles, the incubator represents an important planning tool oriented towards the creation innovation and technology transfer.
But the question remains; in the context of local economic development strategies, how effective are business incubators for providing help and services that can stimulate future firms expansion. This study of the Centre Québécois d'innovation en Biotechnologie located in Laval, addresses this question and seeks to provide insight on the role of incubators on economic growth in the context of a science park.     

Imaging Evaluation of Skull Trepanation Using Radiography and CT

Cranial surgery as practised by the prehistoric and present-day traditional medicine man is the oldest known and one of the highest surgical achievements in the history of medicine. This study examines morbidity and mortality of this ancient surgical procedure by re-examining and reviewing reports of 71 completely trepanned skulls from pre-Columbian Peru by three techniques: gross visual observation and palpation; radiography; and CT. The specimens are located in the San Diego Museum of Man and are part of the Hrdlicka collection. Clear distinction can be made by visual observation between skulls with bone regeneration and those without; that is, between patients who survived long enough to allow bone healing and those who died immediately or within a few days of the operation. 64.8 per cent of skulls had complete healing, 12.7 per cent had partial healing and 22.5 per cent had no evidence of healing. Thus, a post-operative survival rate of 77.5 per cent is noted by gross examination. The meaning of completely trepanned skulls with no evidence of healing is questionable, however, some unhealed skulls may represent post-mortem trepanation, suggesting a lower surgical mortality. Both radiography and CT scan demonstrate with considerable accuracy the presence or absence of new bone formation on trepanned skulls. One skull demonstrated evidence of partial bone healing by CT and radiography but not by our gross examination or by that of some anthropologists. Evidence of osteomyelitis was illustrated by CT scan but not by radiography.     

APPROACHING THE LANDSCAPE DIMENSION OF THE MEGALITHIC PHENOMENON IN SOUTHERN SPAIN

Although the megalithic phenomenon in southern Iberia has received attention since the mid‐nineteenth century, there has been very little attention paid to the role that megalithic structures played in the organization of prehistoric landscapes. Just as in other areas of Europe, however, southern Iberian megalithic structures must have played complex roles in the social organization of landscapes that go far beyond their use as funerary containers. Using examples from our work in southern Iberia, we employ GIS‐based spatial analysis to explore for the first time various aspects of the landscape dimension of these monuments. We discuss three case‐studies for which fresh field data have been recently made available. In the first (Almadén de la Plata) we find patterns of association between medieval transhumance routes and megaliths, and we use cost‐surface modelling to suggest that medieval routes may reflect earlier, prehistoric patterns of movement which in turn suggest that megalithic structures functioned in this area as waypoints within an emerging mobility system for people and livestock. In the second case (Aroche) we show correlations between the locations of megaliths and theoretical territories defined by isochrones and contrast this pattern with the distribution of non‐megalithic funerary sites of the Early Bronze Age, concluding that the spatial distribution of megaliths in this region may relate to their role as landmarks. Lastly we describe a far more specific relationship which we have encountered in the Antequera region, where we believe we have identified a relationship between the orientation of the megalithic structure of Menga, a prominent natural feature and several newly discovered prehistoric sites. Together, these three examples suggest that the current focus on typology, chronology and contents in the study of Iberian megaliths needs to be matched with efforts to identify and interpret the often highly complex structure of the prehistoric landscapes of which they form an integral part.     

THE RIVER HAS NEVER DIVIDED US: BRONZE AGE METALWORK DEPOSITION IN WESTERN BRITAIN

The significant quantities of Bronze Age metalwork recovered from the River Thames have focused archaeological attention on the presence of metalwork from riverine locations and led to the expectation that rivers should contain metalwork. Finds from bogs and marshes have also been considered to be part of this practice of deposition in ‘wet places’. Whilst rivers and bogs can indeed be thought of as ‘wet’, this overlooks the fundamental physical and cosmological differences between these two types of wetland. This paper will consider Bronze Age metalwork finds from rivers in the west of Britain, paying particular attention to Britain's longest river, the Severn. The finds will be compared to those from bogs and marshes, and an attempt will be made to explain these differences in terms of the opposing metaphorical qualities of flowing and standing water, and the landscapes in which these wet places are located.