Wenwu Tang  David A. Bennett 《Geography Compass》2010,4(7):682-700

Animal movement is a complex spatiotemporal phenomenon that has intrigued researchers from many disciplines. Interactions among animals, and between animals and the environments that they traverse, play an important role in the development of the complex ecological and social systems in which they are embedded. Agent-based models have been increasingly applied as a computational approach to the study of animal movement across landscapes. In this article, we present a review of agent-based models in which the simulation of animal movement processes and patterns is the central theme. Our discussion of these processes is focused on four key components: internal states, external factors, motion capacities, and navigation capacities. These four components have been identified in the emerging movement ecology research paradigm and are important for modeling animal movement behavior. Because agent-based models allow for an individual-based approach that encapsulates these four components, the underlying processes that drive animal behavior can be deeply explored using this technique. A set of challenges and issues remain, however, for agent-based models of animal movement. In this article, we review the existing literature and identify potential research directions that could help address these challenges.  相似文献   

    

B. RANDOLPH  K.J. RUMING  D. MURRAY 《Geographical Research》2010,48(2):197-214

Over the past decade social exclusion has increasingly been positioned at the forefront of political, academic and lay discourse as the cause of disadvantage. While the definition, measurement and solutions to social exclusion remain open to debate, housing has progressively been positioned as a central variable creating neighbourhoods of exclusion. Much of this debate has positioned areas of public housing as being the most disadvantaged and socially excluded neighbourhoods. However, the multidimensionality of social exclusion brings into question the simple identification of areas of public housing as being the most excluded. By exploring six dimensions of exclusion (neighbourhood, social and civic engagement, access, crime and security, community identity and economic disadvantage) we explore the differences between areas dominated by public housing and those characterised by private market housing in terms of their scores on each of these individual dimensions of exclusion. We find that it is the experience of households with multiple dimensions of exclusion, especially locational and economic disadvantage, that differentiate areas of public housing from private housing locations.  相似文献   

    

Marwan A. Hassan  Graham McIntyre  Brian Klinkenberg  Abed Al-Rahman Tamimi  Richard K. Paisely  Mousa Diabat  Khaled Shahin 《Geography Compass》2010,4(2):118-138

Transboundary water issues are not new; however, the Palestinian case represents a unique situation that is atypical from most transboundary water conflicts. This difference is marked most importantly by the issue of lack of domestic control over water resources within the Palestinian Territories. Since the Israeli occupation of the West Bank in 1967, Palestinian water policy has been dictated by Israeli control, which has resulted in an allocational shift in water distribution in the Palestinian Territories. In this article we review transboundary water practices and conflicts, water resources, allocation and consumption, water perception, and water reuse and conservation in the Palestinian West Bank in order to assess contemporary trends in water practices as well as recommend strategies for improving regional water management. Water use and perception are assessed based on an extensive unpublished research survey conducted by the Palestinian Hydrology Group in 2002. The final report from this survey focused on developing criteria and linking initial results from the survey to the design of a cost effective and equitable water delivery system that would provide all Palestinians with basic water needs. In this article, through a reassessment and statistical analysis of their data, we support the recommendations of this initial survey, including the implementation of an increasing block tariff system as a means of sustainably delivering water throughout the West Bank. However, any future water management cannot proceed in an effective manner unless some level of water control is relinquished by Israel.  相似文献   

    

P. Ali Memon  Nicholas A. Kirk 《Geography Compass》2010,4(7):778-788

Recurrent ecological crises in fisheries throughout the world make it imperative that a fundamental re-alignment of institutional arrangements occurs in order to promote sustainability. Collaborative institutional arrangements that provide incentives for collective action are seen as a more effective way to solve this problem than the more traditional hierarchical regulatory or market led approaches used in the past. While the merits of devolved collaborative governance have been stressed in recent fisheries literature, this paper is the first in a series of two which attempt to critically examine the barriers which impede collaboration in fisheries, using a New Zealand case study. This first paper introduces the New Zealand fisheries context, and continues with a literature review of the theories underpinning collaborative management with insights from the current debates on localised governance of natural resources informed by institutional analysis approaches.  相似文献   

    

Andrew D. Lohman  Colin Flint 《Geography Compass》2010,4(8):1154-1166

In recent years geographers and scholars from other disciplines have made substantial contributions to the literature on political violence, civil war and conflict within states through asking spatial questions: where is conflict likely to occur and how will it spread or diffuse? In this article, we provide a survey of the approaches, theories and methodologies used to address these questions and suggest avenues for advancing the spatial analysis of conflict. We argue that such conflicts are best conceived as an insurgency, defined as a violent political process to assert power and control over territorial space. After exploring the contributions of qualitative approaches (critical and feminist geopolitics) to our spatial understandings of these political processes, we examine quantitative research addressing these spatial questions. Specifically, we suggest that a network approach provides a useful perspective for understanding the power relations and spatial contestation of an insurgency. This approach also differentiates between escalation and diffusion, which are often treated synonymously in the literature.  相似文献   

    

D. J. HUISMAN  T. DE GROOT  S. POLS  B. J. H. VAN OS  P. DEGRYSE 《Archaeometry》2009,51(3):413-439

We investigated the major and trace element composition and Pb and Sr isotope characteristics of a series of about 20 colourless glass objects from a single high‐status Roman burial from the Netherlands (Bocholtz). The major elements show a relatively homogeneous group, with one outlier. This is corroborated by the Sr isotopes. Based on the Sb and Pb content, three major groups can be discerned, with two other outliers. This grouping is corroborated by the contents of the trace elements Bi, Sn, Ag, As and Mo, and by variations in lead isotopic ratios. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the glass of all objects was probably made with sand and lime from the same source. The variation in trace elements and lead isotope composition is most likely the result of variations in the composition of the sulphidic antimony ore(s) that were used to decolourize the glass. The composition of the Bocholtz glass is compared with that of other Roman glass, and implications for production models, trade and use of colourless glass objects are discussed. On the basis of isotopic and major element variation, we conclude that the antimony ore presumably originated from different mines.  相似文献   

    

M. S. WALTON  E. DOEHNE  K. TRENTELMAN  G. CHIARI  J. MAISH  A. BUXBAUM 《Archaeometry》2009,51(3):383-396

Samples of red and black gloss from Greek Attic pottery of the late sixth to fifth centuries bc were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM and FIB/STEM). The focus of the study was the chemical and microstructural characterization of the red gloss that was first produced during this period. Two groupings of red gloss were revealed. One red was found to be compositionally similar to the black glosses (labelled ‘LCM coral red’). The other red showed more significant chemical differences, such as higher calcium and magnesium, in comparison to the black (labelled ‘HCM coral red’). The existence of two chemically distinct reds—otherwise identical in colour and texture—suggests that there was more than one source of clay available to the Attic potters for producing red.  相似文献   

    

Tor A. Benjaminsen  Faustin P. Maganga  Jumanne Moshi Abdallah 《Development and change》2009,40(3):423-445

Farmer–herder conflicts in Africa are often presented as being driven by ‘environmental scarcity’. Political ecologists, however, argue that these conflicts should be analysed within a broader historical and policy context. This article presents a case study of a local conflict in the Kilosa District in Tanzania that tragically culminated in the killing of thirty‐eight farmers on 8 December 2000. To understand the conflict, the authors argue that it is necessary to study the history of villagization and land use in the District, as well as national land tenure and pastoral policies. Attempts at agricultural modernization have fostered an anti‐pastoral environment in Tanzania. The government aim is to confine livestock keeping to ‘pastoral villages’, but these villages lack sufficient pastures and water supplies, leading herders to search for such resources elsewhere. Pastoral access to wetlands is decreasing due to expansion of cultivated areas and the promotion of agriculture. The main tool that pastoralists still possess to counteract this trend is their ability to bribe officials. But corruption further undermines people's trust in authorities and in the willingness of these authorities to prevent conflicts. This leads actors to try to solve problems through other means, notably violence.  相似文献   

    

Ricardo A. López  Jens Südekum 《Journal of regional science》2009,49(4):721-747

ABSTRACT We use disaggregated data on Chilean plants, and the Chilean input–output table to examine the impact of agglomeration spillovers on total factor productivity (TFP). In common with previous studies, we find evidence for intraindustry spillovers, but none for general cross‐industry spillovers. This picture changes when we take vertical industry relations into account. There are important productivity spillovers from plants in upstream industries. Interestingly, a similar effect cannot be found from plants in downstream industries. The number of plants in these sectors has no effect on plant‐level TFP, just as the number of plants in other industries that are neither important upstream suppliers nor downstream customers also has no effect.  相似文献   

    

ELIZABETH A. MACK  TONY H. GRUBESIC 《Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie = Journal of economic and social geography = Revue de géographie économique et humaine = Zeitschrift für ?konomische und soziale Geographie = Revista de geografía económica y social》2009,100(3):298-315

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are often cited as an important factor in firm location decisions. This is especially true for firms engaged in information intensive activities and those that have a strong need for advanced services such as broadband. Despite the suggested importance of these technologies, quantitative work evaluating the link between firm location and broadband provision is sparse and existing knowledge remains largely theoretical and speculative. However, theoretical evaluations of the impact of ICTs on firm location do provide a foundation for quantitative analyses of this relationship and may be grouped into three schools of thought: the deconcentration school, the concentration school, and the heterogeneous effects school. The predictions made by these three schools of thought will be analysed in an exploratory context to better understand the relationship between firm location and ICTs, with a focus on broadband service provision. A combination of basic spatial statistical analytical tools and geographic information systems (GIS) will be used in an exploratory spatial data analysis framework to evaluate the relationship between firm location and broadband provision trends from 1999 to 2004 in the state of Ohio. Results suggest that changes in broadband provision have no relationship with changes in firm location. However, a disaggregated, firm level analysis of this relationship does provide statistically significant results for a subset of industrial sectors. Firm size is also found to impact the correlation between firm presence and broadband provision. These results suggest that firm size and industry are perhaps critical components in determining the relative importance of ICTs, such as broadband, in firm location decisions.  相似文献