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51.
Benedikt Halldórsson Símon Ólafsson Ragnar Sigbjörnsson 《Journal of Earthquake Engineering》2013,17(3):343-370
The two Mw 6.5 earthquakes on June 17 and 21, 2000, respectively, in the populated South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) significantly augmented the Icelandic database of strong ground motions, and several strong velocity pulses were recorded at near-fault sites. The strong motions are interpreted via the Specific Barrier Model (SBM) and a mathematical model of near-fault velocity pulses. The data indicates self-similar source scaling and significantly greater attenuation of seismic waves than in other interplate regions. Through inversion of the data a new attenuation function for the SISZ has been adopted, which results in unbiased simulations. For the first time, the characteristics of the recorded near-fault pulses have been identified and compared to the worldwide database of such records. The SBM and the near-fault pulse model combine naturally in a fast and efficient synthesis of realistic, broad-band strong ground motions in the far-fault and near-fault region. Such simulations are showcased for the June 2000 earthquakes and indicate that the modeling approach adopted in this study is an effective tool for the estimation of realistic earthquake ground motions in the SISZ. 相似文献
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Aappo Kähönen 《Scandinavian journal of history》2013,38(5):632-652
The Soviet party leadership claimed repeatedly after the mid-1920s that the Soviet Union was under an acute threat of intervention. The interpretation was based on different views regarding the development of socialism in the USSR. The role of Finland in the Soviet policy towards other border-states offers a case for observing the relation of ideology and practice in Soviet foreign policy, especially in the Baltic Sea context in 1925. The main interests for the Soviets were plans for military alliances and spheres of influence and intelligence. Contrary to the ideological worldview, the Peoples’ Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (NKID) did not see the western great powers, Great Britain and France, as being behind the Baltic alliance plan. Instead, the alliance attempt was primarily seen as an independent Polish initiative, especially lacking British support. The Soviet foreign administration was able to evaluate the grounds for eventual Finnish non-alliance accurately, despite Baltic sympathies and the lack of an active Scandinavian orientation. The results suggest the NKID observed international relations from the traditional viewpoint of Soviet state interests, and on the basis of quite accurate information, not reflecting the needs of ideological interpretation or domestic power struggles. 相似文献
55.
Mats Wickström 《Scandinavian journal of history》2013,38(4):512-534
In the 1970s, Canada, Sweden and Australia became the first countries in the West to adopt formally the idea of multiculturalism as a basis for the political management of immigrant settlement. This article compares the introduction of the idea and politics of multiculturalism in Sweden in the 1960s and 1970s to the introduction of multiculturalism in Canada and Australia during the same time period. The emergence of a politics of multiculturalism in Sweden shares many similarities with the emergence of Canadian and Australian multiculturalism: ‘white’ and ‘European’ immigrant minority groups; ethnic lobbying; expert and academic advocacy; multiculturalist public officials; and effectual claims-making based on the innovative idea of multiculturalism. The comparative perspective on the birth of Swedish multiculturalism furthermore highlights Finland as an important historical and transnational factor in the introduction of official multiculturalism in Sweden. The article contributes to research on the history of multiculturalism, the politics of ethnic diversity in Sweden and comparative research on modern Swedish history. 相似文献
56.
Magnus Mörner 《Scandinavian journal of history》2013,38(1):3-15
The aim of this paper is to challenge some of the established views on monetary and economic aspects of medieval Norwegian history. This challenge is not only based on a different understanding of the evidence, but also on new interpretations of documentary and numismatic evidence. Contrary to what has been the general understanding I argue that money was available, and it was, in longer periods of time, available within a framework of a well organized monetary system with large coinages. In the second half of the 12th century, coins became distributed and used among a larger group of people in rural areas than ever before. In market places and towns, money economy was emerging in the 11th and 12th, and probably seen partly in effect in the 13th and 14th century. If we accept the evidence for coinage and the use of money as being widely distributed, or even accept it partly, it opens up a range of new perspectives to use as starting points for understanding medieval monetary and economic history in Norway. 相似文献
57.
Ragnar Björk 《Scandinavian journal of history》2013,38(4):451-455
In the late 1960s a Joint Nordic Co-operative Assistance Project was established in Tanzania. Its objective was to promote co-operative development in Tanzania based on Nordic experiences in the field. The project's effort to export Nordic co-operative ideas and traditions to Tanzania soon encountered major problems as the Government of Tanzania (GoT) launched a villagization process in the beginning of the 1970s, which sought to move the entire peasant population into ujamaa villages. The resettlement effort was implemented with the use of force and coercion and implied a dismantling of the traditional co-operative structures in Tanzania. This article finds that the Nordic countries helped facilitate GoT's compulsory policy by adjusting and restructuring the project to GoT's villagization strategy, despite the fact that the primary objective of the project was no longer present. As the article will reveal, there was a clear concern in the Nordic aid administrations that the Nordic project could be linked with the politics of coercion ingrained in the ujamaa policy. 相似文献
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Abstract: The state is often described in transition: public spaces are rearranged by private companies, national social welfare is being privatized to some extent, and supranational institutions have more influence on national policies. “A view from the kitchen” (Diane Elson) is helpful for understanding the changing dynamics of states and societies because different women are affected by these policies in different and often ambiguous ways: women of the globalized South migrate to the North, creating global care chains, while women in Western industrialized countries are confronted with changing welfare regimes, leaving mainly highly educated women to profit from this situation. This article contributes to feminist debates on economic globalization and state internationalization. Our feminist materialist perspective allows a critical view on dominance and power in “governance”. Thus, the article adds to feminist debates on globalization from the perspective of state transformation and to debates on governance from the perspective of state transformation grounded in gendered social relations. 相似文献
59.
Dipl.-Geogr. Bettina Gringel Dipl.-Geogr. Ursula Mölders 《Standort - Zeitschrift für angewandte Geographie》2004,28(4):164-168
Die Frage nach der Gestaltung von Zuwanderung ist in der Debatte um das Zuwanderungsgesetz vor allem auf diejenigen fokussiert worden, die noch kommen werden. Zugewanderte gestalten unsere Städte und Gemeinden jedoch bereits seit mehr als 40 Jahren aktiv mit: zum einen als Bewohner und Arbeitnehmer, zunehmend aber auch als Investoren und Gewerbetreibende. Und der Blick auf die Prognosen zur Bevölkerungsentwicklung zeigt, daß ihr Anteil an der Gesamtbevölkerung und damit auch ihr Einfluß auf die Stadt- und Wirtschaftsentwicklung weiter zunehmen. Deutlich ist: Zur Gestaltung der Zuwanderung bedarf es mehr als eines neuen Zuwanderungsgesetzes. Zugewanderte müssen die Chancen haben, sich aktiv an der Gestaltung unserer Innenstädte zu beteiligen. Lebenswerte Städte brauchen das Engagement aller Bevölkerungsgruppen. Bisher ist aber die Beteiligung von Zuwanderern bei raumrelevanten Fragestellungen trotz vielfältiger Ansätze immer noch nicht selbstverständlich. Der Bedarf der stärkeren Beteiligung von Zugewanderten besteht daher sowohl von Seiten der Migrantenvertreter als auch von Seiten der Fachverwaltungen. Dabei setzt sich die Planungsphilosophie durch, daß nicht für, sondern gemeinsam mit Zugewanderten geplant werden muß. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Stadt- und Regionalplanung Dr. Paul G. Jansen GmbH von 2001 bis 2003 mit Unterstützung des Ministeriums für Städtebau und Wohnen, Kultur und Sport des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen das Modellprojekt Interkulturelle Stadtentwicklung in den drei Städten Bergkamen, Königswinter und Duisburg durchgeführt. 相似文献
60.
Helene Brembeck Barbro Johansson Kerstin Bergström Pontus Engelbrektsson Sandra Hillén Lena Jonsson 《Children's Geographies》2013,11(1):74-88
In this article, we discuss children's becoming as food consumers in the intersection of various foodscapes. We draw from a project, Children as co-researchers of foodscapes, where we have been working with children as co-researchers, using basically ethnographic methods, and as co-designers in a collaborative design effort. This article focuses on the findings from a theoretically inspired perspective, using the concept of foodscapes. These are food-related structures of different kinds, which evolve as the child explores them and where children as food consumers are generated. In this article, we highlight the scapes of taste, routines, people, things, commerce, child (as opposed to adult) and health and give brief accounts of the way the children related to them. Finally, we turn to the benefits of working with foodscapes for a better understanding of children's becoming as food consumers in the intersection of various foodscapes. This article is based on data gathered by the children, but also on our fieldwork notes and observations following the children in their foodscapes. 相似文献