Second‐Order Condensations of Societal Power Relations: Environmental Politics and the Internationalization of the State from a Neo‐Poulantzian Perspective1

Abstract: This article develops an understanding of the internationalization of the state which draws on materialist state theory, regulation theory and the scale debate in radical geography. It introduces the concept of “second‐order condensations of societal relationships of forces” which aims at advancing Poulantzas’ state theoretical approach and applying it to the analysis of international state apparatuses, their functions and their relationship to state apparatuses on other spatial scales. The empirical and political relevance of the theoretical considerations is elucidated with examples from international resource and environmental policy.     

The Mannhardtian Theories about the Last Sheaf and the Fertility Demons from a Modern Critical Point of View

ANIMAL LEGENDS. Retold and pictured by K. NIXON. F. Warne. 15s. Reviewed by E. F. Coote Lake.

RELIGION IN AN AFRICAN SOCIETY. By ROBERT T. PARSONS. Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1964.Pp. 245. Reviewed by E. O. James

THE PROSE EDDA OF SNORRI STURLUSON: TALES FROM NORSE MYTHOLOGY. Selected and Translated by JEAN I. YOUNG. Introduction by Sigurður Nordal. University of California Press and Cambridge University Press, 1966. 28s.; paperback 12s. 6d. Reviewed by Jacqueline Simpson.

THE MAGICAL ARTS A SHORT HISTORY. By C. A. BURLAND. Arthur Barker Ltd. 42. Reviewed by K. M. Briggs.

MAGIC PEOPLE. By BARBARA SOFTLY. Illustrated by Gunvor Edwards, Published by Oliver and Boyd (‘The Open Gate Library’ No. 8). 106. 6d. Reviewed by Roger Lancelyn Green.

AYERS ROCK, ITS PEOPLE, THEIR BELIEFS, AND THEIR ART. By CHARLES P. MOUNTFORD. Sydney, Angus and Robertson, 1965. 65s. Pp. xiv, 208; 5 coloured plates, 106 in black and white, 43 figures. Reviewed by J. S. Ryan.

THE ROCK PAINTINGS OF THE CHUMASH. By CAMPBELL GRANT. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1965. 80s. Pp. xviii, 163. Frontispiece and 31 colour plates, 120 figures. Reviewed by J. S. Ryan.

THE TRADITIONAL AND NATIONAL MUSIC OF SCOTLAND. By FRANCIS COLLINSON. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964. Pp. xvii + 294. Price 63s. Reviewed by Douglas Kennedy.

JAHRBUCH FüR OSTDEUTSCHE VOLKSKUNDE. Edited by A. PERLICK. Vol. ix. Marburg, N. G. Elwert, 1965. Pp. 238; 16 photographs. Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.

OESTERREICHISCHER VOLKSKUNDEATLAS. Edited by RICHARD WOLFRAM Vienna, 1965. Commentary, pp. 278; 2 text ills.; maps 14–32. Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.

THE NUNAMIUT ESKIMOS: HUNTERS OF CARIBOU. By NICHOLAS J. GUBSER, Yale University Press, 1965. Reviewed by W. R. Mead.

ESP: BEYOND TIME AND DISTANCE. By T. C. LETHBRIDGE, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965. Pp. x, 148. Illustrated by the Author. 25s. Reviewed by Theo Brown.

SIXTY YEARS A FENMAN. By ARTHUR R. RANDELL. Edited by ENID PORTER. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. Pp. ix, 126; illustrated. 13 Plates. 25s. Reviewed by Theo Brown.

HEBREW AMULETS, THEIR DECIPHERMENT AND INTERPRETATION. By THEODORE SCHRIRE. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. Pp. xii, 180.50s. Reviewed by A. A. Barb.

NEDERLANDSE INCANTATIELITERATUUR. Een gecommentarieerd compendium van Nederlandse bezweringsformules. Door Dr JOZEF VAN HAVER. Gent, Kon. Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letter-kunde (Reeks VI, Nr. 94), 1964. Pp. 506. Reviewed by A. A. Barb.

AMULETT UND TALISMAN, Erscheinungsform und Geschichte. By L. HANSMANN AND L. KRISS-RETTENBECK. Munich, G. D. W. Callwey, 1966. Pp. 270, 844 illustrations. Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.

FOLKTALES OF GERMANY. Edited by K. RANKE. Translated by L. BAUMANN. Folktales of the World. General Editor: R. M. Dorson. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. Pp. xxxiii, 257. Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.

FOLKTALES: The Peoples' Meeting-Place. Unpublished Sources. Vol. ii. Denmark-Germany. Edited by L. BØDKER and G. HÜLLEN. Schloss Bentlage (Gesellschaft zur Pflege des Märchengutes der europäischen Völker) Jahresgabe 1966. Pp. 199. Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.

TALES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. Selected and Annotated by STITH THOMPSON. Indiana University Press. Bloomington and London. Reprint 1966. Reviewed by K. M. Briggs.

BEITRÄGE ZUR LEHRE AND FORSCHUNG DER LEIBESERZIEHUNG: Band 13: Der Ursprung der olympischen Spiele, by Ludwig Drees; Band 14: Über die menschliche Bewegung als Einheit von Natur und Geist. by Frederik J. J. Buytendijk, Paul Christian, and Herbert Plügge. Schorndorf bei Stuttgart, Karl Hofmann. 1963. Pp. 144 and 80. Reviewed by W. F. H. Nicolaisen.

BELMONTE DE LOS CABALLEROS, a Sociological Study of a Spanish Town. By CARMELO LISON-TOLOSANA. Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1966. 75s. Reviewed by Barbara Aitken.     

Mathematics, experience and laboratories: Herbart's and Brentano's role in the rise of scientific psychology

In this article we present and compare two early attempts to establish psychology as an independent scientific discipline that had considerable influence in central Europe: the theories of Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) and Franz Brentano (1838-1917). While both of them emphasize that psychology ought to be conceived as an empirical science, their conceptions show revealing differences. Herbart starts with metaphysical principles and aims at mathematizing psychology, whereas Brentano rejects all metaphysics and bases his method on a conception of inner perception (as opposed to inner observation) as a secondary consciousness, by means of which one gets to be aware of all of one's own conscious phenomena. Brentano's focus on inner perception brings him to deny the claim that there could be unconscious mental phenomena - a view that stands in sharp contrast to Herbart's emphasis on unconscious, "repressed" presentations as a core element of his mechanics of mind. Herbart, on the other hand, denies any role for psychological experiments, while Brentano encouraged laboratory work, thus paving the road for the more experimental work of his students like Stumpf and Meinong. By briefly tracing the fate of the schools of Herbart and Brentano, respectively, we aim to illustrate their impact on the development of psychological research, mainly in central Europe.