北京出土的辽金元时期的陶瓷佛像

辽、金、元三朝是北京发展史上的重要转承期,其政治地位由隋唐时期统一政权下的一级地方行政区划依次上升为封建割据政权下的陪都——辽南京、独立政权中的正式都城——金中都,最终成为整个封建帝国的中心——元大     

Diverse unity: creole contributions to interethnic integration in Guinea‐Bissau

The paper explores how creole categories of people who have constituted a small but influential minority in Guinea‐Bissau for centuries contributed to a countrywide, integrated national culture since the eve of independence in 1974. Since independence, several cultural representations previously exclusive to creole communities have been – driven by the nationalist independence movement and the early postcolonial state – transformed into representations of a new national culture, crossing ethnic and religious boundaries. The fact that creole identity and culture had been transethnic – i.e. creole identity brings together individuals of heterogeneous cultural, ethnic and geographic descent – during the colonial period, has fostered in postcolonial times the countrywide spread of previously exclusively creole cultural features. I argue that this ‘transethnicisation’ of creole cultural representations has unified Bissau‐Guineans across ethnic lines, causing a strong commitment with their nation ‘from below’.     

自然启示录：1755年里斯本地震海啸对葡萄牙社会的冲击和影响

1755年里斯本大地震—海啸是欧洲近现代历史上最具破坏力的一次地震,也是欧洲迄今为止直接遭遇的最大一次海啸。关于此次地震原因之争、葡萄牙在震后重建中采取的一系列举措,对政治、经济、思想、教育、文化、宗教等诸多社会历史方面均产生了重要影响,主要体现在削弱了宗教势力、加强了世俗权力和中央集权,促进了全国性抗灾机制的首建,对启蒙运动和地震学的发展等起了相当大的推动作用。     

基于低碳视角的旅游城市转型研究

转型发展已经成为21世纪人类发展史上的一场新长征。随着中国经济转变发展方式的强力推进,中国优秀旅游城市面临着发展方式转型的严峻挑战和重大契机。创建低碳旅游城市是城市宜居生态发展的高级阶段,是实现中国旅游城市转型的战略模式选择。创新城市低碳旅游公共服务导则、营造城市低碳旅游吸引物体系、发展城市低碳旅游设施、培育城市畅爽旅游体验环境、倡导城市低碳旅游消费方式是近期实现旅游城市转型发展需要关注的五个基本层面。为此,要规范发展、互动发展、示范发展,加快形成中国特色的低碳旅游城市发展新格局。     

北京白塔寺内的御制唐卡

北京白塔寺,进入山门,慢步前行,便会看到一座以红墙围成的单独院落——塔院。这是一座幽雅寂静的小院,院内苍松翠柏、古楸参天、气象庄重。一缕缕轻烟淡雾,迷离飘渺,清香宜人,如置身于仙境之中。拾阶而上,迎面便看到一座金碧辉煌、华丽庄严的大殿《三世佛殿》,因在大殿正中的上方高悬一块清朝乾隆皇帝书写的御匾“具六神通”,故又称“具六神通殿”。     

长寿佛 尊胜佛母 白度母

在藏传佛教寺庙中,一般都供奉长寿三尊:长寿佛、尊胜佛母、白度母像,尤其在殿堂入口门额的上方或者在供奉舍利塔的灵堂里面,长寿三尊像是一定要供奉的,甚至在帐房毡包中也常可以看到。长寿三尊像的中间为主尊"长寿佛",其右侧为"尊胜佛母",左侧为"白度母"。长寿三尊像供奉在一起,被认为是福寿、吉祥的象征,这三尊神祗像只有在喇嘛教的寺院里面或     

The evolution of strength,elasticity and rupture behaviour of birch tar made with ‘double-pot’ techniques during tar cooking

Birch tar was the first adhesive produced by humans. Its study has consequences for our understanding of human evolution and the development of specialised craftsmanship. One of the better-documented birch tar making methods is the ‘double-pot’ technique, where two containers are used, one containing bark, the other collecting the tar. Birch tar made with double-pots has low viscosity and bad adhesive properties. To obtain a usable adhesive, it must be reduced in volume by cooking. We investigate the evolution of tar’s mechanical properties during cooking. We use lap-shear tests to investigate strength, stiffness and failure behaviour. We found that tar must be cooked for 90 min to acquire adhesive properties. When cooked for longer, strength and stiffness increase over a 30 min lasting time span. Cooking for even longer, beyond this 30 min window, produced a substance that could no longer be used as an adhesive. The implications are that tar cooking requires a high level of skill because specific signs indicating the desired properties must be recognised during the process. Tar cooking constitutes a supplementary investment in time and resources and appears to be associated with a certain degree of risk.