Migrant fertility differentials in Ecuador

The effects of migration on fertility in Ecuador were analyzed by subdividing migrant categories into permanent-, return-, circular-, and non-migrants, and context factors into 6 socioeconomic and agrarian variables. The study is introduced with a conceptual framework that explains personal intermediate variables and their influence on fertility in terms of demographic transition theory, and then defines the influences of selection for fertility, disruption of marital unions, and socialization into fertility norms at the origin vs. assimilation of norms at the destination. Migrants are usually better educated, younger and upwardly mobile, all selecting for lower fertility. Migration disrupts formation of marital unions, and causes separation of spouses, lowering fertility. Data for this study were from the 1974 and 1982 Ecuadorian Population Censuses. The contextual variables analyzed were urban/rural; manufacturing/agricultural; mineral extraction/economic recession; long/recent agricultural settlement; domestic/export crop; and large/medium sized farm. The analysis of personal attributes showed that fertility increased over the range on non-migrants through circular-, return- to permanent-migrants, a finding explained by degrees of disruption of unions. Higher fertility was associated with less education, lower economic participation, higher prevalence of marriage, longer residence and older ages. Regression analysis also showed that personal attributes outweighed contextual factors: thus age, marriage rates, residence time, education and economic activity were significant. Contextual factors were important only for non-migrants, except for destination variables which affected return-migrants and origin variables which affected circular-migrants. Low fertility was associated with urbanization, industrialization, mineral extraction, large farms, recent farm settlement and export crops. The results indicate cear influences of modernity and place influences on fertility of migrants.     

Book Reviews

Australian Politics

Stephen Alomes and Catherine Jones (eds), A Documentary History of Australian Nationalism (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1991) pp.viii + 464. $29.95 ISBN 0 207 1634 2.

Ron Callus, Alison Morehead, Mark Cully and John Buchanan, Industrial Relations at Work: The Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Industrial Relations, AGPS, 1991) pp.xxii + 366. $24.95 ISBN 0 644 13429 1.

Anne Crichton, Slowly Taking Control? (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1990) pp.xiii + 279. $19.95 ISBN 0 04 442166 4.

Greg Fry (ed.) Australia's Regional Security (Sydney: Unwin & Allen, 1991) pp.x + 221. $16.95 ISBN 0 04 302001 1.

Brian Galligan, Owen Hughes and Cliff Walsh (eds), Intergovernmental Relations and Public Policy (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991) pp.xiv + 389. $27.50 ISBN 0 04 442257 1.

Christine Jennett and Randal G. Stewart (eds), Hawke and Australian Public Policy: Consensus and Restructuring (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1990) pp.vii + 422.$29.9S ISBN 0 7329 0343 2.

Ian McAllister and Rhonda Moore, Party Strategy and Change: Australian Electoral Speeches Since 1946 (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1991) pp.xiv + 332. $28.99 ISBN 0 582 86971 4.

Doug McEachern, Business Mates: The Power and Politics of the Hawke Era (Sydney: Prentice Hall, 1991) pp.xi + 168. $n.p. ISBN 0 7428 0520 6.

Allan Peachment (ed.), The Business of Government: Western Australia 1983–1990 (Sydney: The Federation Press, 1991) pp.xvi + 240. $25.00 ISBN 1 86287 046 2.

Chris Pirie and John Power (eds), Economic and Management Pressures on Australian Public Administration (Canberra College of Advanced Education in association with the Victorian Division of the Royal Australian Institute of Public Administration, 1989) pp.vii + 163. $n.p. ISBN 0 85889 338 X.

Comparative and International Politics

Christopher J. Bailey, The US Congress (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989) pp.x + 175. $n.p. ISBN 0 631 15861 6.

Herman Bakvis, Regional Ministers: Power and Influence in the Canadian Cabinet (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991) pp.xv + 378. $Can.22.95 ISBN 0 8020 6698 4.

Lester R. Brown et al, State of the World: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society (Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with W.W. Norton & Co./Worldwatch Institute [New York], 1991) pp.xvii + 254. $19.95 ISBN 86373 018 4.

Alistair Cole (ed.), French Political Parties in Transition (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1990) pp.xiii + 212. £29.50 ISBN 1 85521 012 6.

John Gittings, China Changes Face: The Road from Revolution 1949–1989 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990) pp.xiv + 322. $19.95 ISBN 0 19 285165 9.

Harry Harding, China's Second Revolution. Reform After Mao (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989) pp.xx + 369. $19.95 ISBN 0 04 442106 0.

John W. Longworth (ed.), China's Rural Development Miracle With International Comparisons (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1989) pp.xxiv + 457. $n.p. ISBN 0 7022 2264 X.

Emmanuel Todd (trans. A. and B. Forster), The Making of Modern France (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991) pp.x + 224. $37.95 ISBN 0 631 17948 8.

Achin Vanaik, The Painful Transition: Bourgeois Democracy in India (London: Verso, 1991) pp.302. $32.95 ISBN 0 86091 504 2.

Zhang Xinxin and Sang Ye (eds WJ.F. Jenner and Delia Davin) Chinese Lives: An Oral History of Contemporary China (London: Penguin Books, 1989) pp.xxii + 367. $14.99 ISBN 0 14 011625 7.

Political Theory and Methodology

S. Alomes and D. den Hartog (eds), Post Pop: Popular Culture, Nationalism and Postmodernism (Footscray: Footprint, 1991) pp.130. $np. ISBN 186297 012 2.

Clare Burton, The Promise & The Price: The Struggle for Equal Opportunity in Women's Employment (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991) pp.xiv + 184. $18.95 ISBN 0 04 442286 5.

Mark Cowling and Lawrence Wilde (eds), Approaches to Marx (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1989) pp.xiv + 231. $29.95 ISBN 0 335 15621 5.

Robert Meister, Political Identity: Thinking Through Marx (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990) pp.ix + 426. $45.00 ISBN 0 631 17746 9.

J.‐P. Fitoussi and E.S. Phelps, The Slump in Europe: Reconstructing Open Economy Theory (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988) pp.xiii + 145. $29.95 ISBN 0 631 17181 9.

William M. Johnston, Celebrations: The Cult of Anniversaries in Europe and the United States Today. (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1991) pp.xii + 187. $n.p. ISBN 0 88738 375 0.

Boris Kagarlitsky (translator: Rick Simon), Farewell Perestroika: A Soviet Chronicle (London and New York: Verso, 1990) pp.vii + 217. $29.95 ISBN 0 86091 5085.

Sonia Kruks, Situation and Human Existence: Freedom, Subjectivity and Society (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990) pp.xv + 215. $19.95 ISBN 0 04 4454570.

Martin Laffin, Managing Under Pressure: Industrial Relations in Local Government (London: Macmillan, 1989) pp.xvi + 207. $27.95 ISBN 0 333 44660 7.

Mary Lyndon Shanley and Carole Pateman (eds), Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991) pp.x + 288. $29.95 ISBN 0 7456 07505 5.

John Mathews, Age of Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989) pp.vxii + 278. $16.95 ISBN 0 19 554923 6.

Thomas E. McCollough, The Moral Imagination and Public Life: Raising the Ethical) Question (New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, 1991) pp.xv + 176. $US14.95 ISBN 0 934540 85 3.

Ephraim Nimni, Marxism and Nationalism: Theoretical Origins of a Political Crisis (London: Pluto Press, 1991) pp.x + 242. £27.50 ISBN 0 04 442286 5.

Peter Osbome (ed.), Socialism and the Limits of Liberalism (London: Verso, 1991), pp.299. $32.95. ISBN 0 86091 543 3.

Suri Ratnapala, Welfare State or Constitutional State? (Sydney: Centre for Independent Studies, 1990) pp.xii + 113. $12.95 ISBN 0 949769 54 1.

L.J. Sharpe, The Anglo‐American Lexicon of the Social Sciences (Oxford: Trulex, 1990) pp.vi + 146. £10.00.

A. Sivanandan, Communities of Resistance: Writings on Black Struggles for Socialism (London: Verso, 1990) pp.ix + 250. $34.95 ISBN 0 86091 514 X.     

STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE PRESENTLY ACCUMULATED LEAD ISOTOPE DATA FROM ANATOLIA AND SURROUNDING REGIONS

Several hundred new stable lead isotope ratio determinations of ore and slag specimens from ancient mining sites throughout Anatolia and of samples of artefacts of the Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age from museum collections in Turkey and the United States have been combined with the accumulated published isotope determinations of such specimens from throughout the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean regions to form a data base of nearly 1000 analyses. It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate the practical effectiveness of using this now extensive data base to discriminate between the many sources of metals throughout this region and to propose methods to enhance this discrimination. By using the full three-dimensional isotopic data in multivariate statistical treatments and by separating isotopically resolvable source groups within some of the source areas and isolating statistically outlying specimens from them, it has been possible to characterize some ore sources more precisely and compactly and thereby achieve better resolution between ore sources. It has also been possible to isolate isotopically compatible artefact groups which possibly relate to ore sources that, as yet, have not been well defined by isotopic analysis.