An Equivalence Theorem to Integrate Entropy-Maximizing Submodels within Overall Mathematical-Programming Frameworks

This paper presents a lemma and a theorem which demonstrate equivalent ways of formulating certain mathematical-programming problems. The first shows, in general terms, how constraints can be “absorbed” into the objective function and vice versa. The second shows how such ideas can be applied to spatial analysis problems involving the minimization of development costs subject to interactions being determined by (suboptimal) entropy-maximizing models. This provides both a new perspective on the relationship between programming and entropy models, and formulations that are computationally convenient.     

Reviews

THE PEACEFUL ATOM IN FOREIGN POLICY. Arnold Kramish. For the Council on Foreign Relations. New York, Harper and Row, 1963. Pp. xi + 276. $5.50.

POWER AND THE PURSUIT OF PEACE: THEORY AND PRACTICE IN THE HISTORY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN STATES. F. H. Hinsley. Cambridge University Press, 1963. Stg. 40/‐.

THE HIDDEN FORCE. F. W. Godwin, R. N. Goodwin and W. F. Haddad (eds.) New York, Harper & Row, 1963, Pp. 203.

POLITICS AND ECONOMICS. Lord Robbins, London, Macmillan & Co., 1963. Pp. x + 231. Australian price 41/6.

STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY. J. M. Mackintosh. London, Oxford University Press, 1962. Pp. 332. Australian price 37/6d.

THE BOMBAY MUNICIPAL CORPORATION: AN ELECTION STUDY. B. A. V. Sharma and R. T. Jangam. Bombay, Popular Book Depot, 1962. Pp. x + 170. Rs. 10.

THE NIGERIAN FEDERAL ELECTION OF 1959: POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION IN A DEVELOPING POLITICAL SYSTEM. K. W. J. Post. Oxford University Press for the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, London, 1963. Pp. xi + 286. Australian price 76/6d.

INDIA AND AFGHANISTAN: A STUDY IN DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS 1876–1907. D. P. Singhal. Brisbane, University of Queensland Press. Pp. 216. Australian price 55/6d.

SOUTHERN EUROPEANS IN AUSTRALIA. Charles A. Price. Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1963. Pp. xvi + 342. Australian price 59/6d.

THE METHOD AND STATISTICS OF ‘SOUTHERN EUROPEANS IN AUSTRALIA’. Charles A. Price. Canberra, Research School of Social Sciences, The Australian National University, 1963. Pp. viii + 125. Australian price 27/6d.     

The shell game: analytic problems in archaeological mollusc quantification

MNI calculations for archaeological molluscs that rely on counts of non-repetitive elements (NREs) are popular for their analytic speed and efficiency. Yet the reliability of this approach as compared to ‘traditionally’ calculated MNI has not been explored. Here, I examine these approaches using data from the Caribbean coastal midden site of Grand Bay, Carriacou. Results suggest that an NRE-based approach to MNI calculation can be unreliable under certain circumstances. In addition, dependence on the NRE-based method may hinder the integration of invertebrate with vertebrate data, obscuring a holistic understanding of prehistoric diet and resource exploitation. These findings are discussed in relation to practical constraints and fulfillment of zooarchaeological goals.     

Identifying foreigners versus locals in a burial population from Nasca, Peru: an investigation using strontium isotope analysis

During the several thousand years of human occupation in the Nasca drainage on the south coast of Peru, population movement into and out of the region impacted the formation and organization of society, as well as contributed to major cultural transformations. This study identifies foreign versus local individuals through the investigation of burial practices and strontium isotope analysis of human remains from the sites of La Tiza and Pajonal Alto dating from the Early Intermediate Period through the Late Intermediate Period (A.D. 1–1476). Of the ten samples analyzed, two individuals dating to the Middle Horizon were identified as foreigners. One of these individuals was buried in a new elite tomb type providing additional evidence that the Wari state incorporated Nasca into its realm. Two headless individuals, one dating to Middle Nasca with clear evidence of decapitation, and another dating to the Late Intermediate Period who was likely decapitated, were both locals. This suggests the practice of decapitation took place among local groups, and that the practice of decapitation and the use of heads as ritual items or trophies may have continued later in time than previously thought.     

The history of the United States cent revealed through copper isotope fractionation

Copper isotope fractionation in United States cents traces changes in the source of copper and identifies historical events. Application of copper isotopes as a geochemical tracer requires consistent isotopic signatures of the ores and refined metals. Overlapping isotopic signatures of crushed ores, chalcocite and refined metal extracted from Morenci, Arizona indicate modern mining processes that produce distinguishable single ore deposit geochemical signatures. The coincidence of copper isotope ratios in metals and ore deposits also exists within the United States cents analyzed here. Specifically, historical records confirm two different sources for copper in cents from 1800 through 1867. The copper isotope composition of the 1828, 1830, 1836, 1838 and 1843 cents coincides with the Cornwall ores of England, and cents post 1850 (1859, 1862) correspond with the Michigan ores of the United States. Three of the thirty-six post 1867 cents measured possess fractionated copper isotope ratios and indicate the change in source of copper for the United States cent.