唐代“六胡州”州城的建置及其运用——“降户”的安置和役使的一个类型

唐朝在突厥降户中贾胡的处理上采取把他们安置在适合生活的地方,并对之进行驱使的办法。这典型的表现在"六胡州"州城的建置及其运用之上。六胡州设于"河曲"之地的中西部一带,介于六州中的灵州、夏州之间,是指鲁、丽、塞、含、依、契等六小州。在突厥降户中,主要是贾胡降户被集体安置在这些州城之内。这些州城位于今内蒙古自治区河套地区的最南段一带,以及长城以北较为狭窄的地区,属于北方著名的湖泽地区,利于养马。六胡州民之所以主要由贾胡降户来组成,是因为他们具有养马等技术特长。他们在六胡州的州城内受到统治,并受驱使从事养马的工作。六胡州在高宗调露元年建置,这时唐朝正好遭遇养马大量丧失的危机,这是建置六胡州的重要原因。此外,六胡州因"以唐人为刺史",而不称羁縻州。六胡州民居于州城内的"坊"里。他们不一定都一直活动在州城之内,但应"编籍"在州城中一定区域的名称之下。     

古墨保存自然老化问题的调查研究

为探讨研究博物馆古墨保存方法、损坏机理和修复技术,做好古墨保存工作,尽可能延长古墨的保存寿命,走访调查了6家传统制墨企业及其技术人员,基本了解了我国传统制墨业的传承发展情况,进一步了解了墨的传统制作工艺和保存方法。调查结果摸清了古墨发生严重粉碎性酥解的主要原因是受潮和干燥不当,收集了多种修复墨表面所产生的“墨霜”、细小裂纹和断裂墨的常用工艺,揭示了古墨保存质量与制墨材料、加工工艺、保存环境、日常养护等的关系,明确指出良好保存古墨的关键在于控制保存环境和做好日常养护工作,为进一步开展古墨保存综合性科学研究提供了经验和思路。     

1928——193O年中国国民党党员总登记

1927年4月,国民党开始“清党”,其中,党员登记是“清党”、整理党务的中心。国民党意欲通过此举纯化党员成分,强化党员意识,统计全国党员数量。经过党员总登记后,国民党党员数量、社会结构及党员分布均发生了显著的变化。     

唐代凤首壶杂识

本文先就中原地区出土材料,指出陶瓷风首壶与金银制品之间的联系,随后关注了北方唐基及同时期外销陶瓷品中所见同类器,并对相关问题作了初步探讨。     

Germs, hosts, and the origin of Frank Macfarlane Burnet's concept of "self " and "tolerance," 1936-1949

In the early twentieth century, the living organism's ability to distinguish its "self" from foreign entities such as bacteria, viruses, transplanted tissue, or transfused blood was a major problem in medical science. This article discusses how the Australian immunologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet arrived at a satisfactory explanation of this problem through his 1949 theory of "self" and "tolerance." Burnet's theoretical work began from his study of diverse factors affecting the conditions of the host and the germ for the occurrence of infectious diseases. Among them, the host's age came to receive his attention as a crucial factor. This understanding was facilitated by his acceptance of cytoplasm inheritance theories, which emphasized the importance of the embryonic host's changing conditions according to its age. Based on this idea, he claimed in 1949 that the "self" of the organism was defined during its embryogenesis. Peter B. Medawar and his colleagues' demonstration of Burnet's claim became the basis for awarding Burnet and Medawar the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1960. While previous histories have focused on Burnet's "inductive reasoning" or "ecological perspective" to explain his conception of the theory of "self" and "tolerance," this article finds the origin of his ideas within an important line of modern medical research engendered through the development of germ theories--the studies of the host body and its relationship with parasites.     

中国科技园区位布局探析--以西安科技园区为例

科技园区是20世纪高技术产业化方面最重要的创举,创建科技园区以发展高技术产业已成为国际趋势。国内外研究表明,科技园区成功的关键的因素之一是区位布局,一般只有大城市的区位条件,才能为高技术企业的技术创新提供各种聚集经济条件。因而科技园区必然在城市化地区首先出现。但国内外科技园区的实践证明,这一结论没有普遍性。本分析了科技园区布局的一般规律,并以西安科技园区位布局为例作分析验证,以期为科技园区的布局提供科学依据。     

云南古代少数民族诗人的几部别集

在古籍分类中,自<隋书·经籍志>以后,将文献分为经、史、子、集,以次部类.古代文学书籍均著录于集部当中,又有别集、总集之分:别集以存人为主;总集以存文为主,在四部典籍内,集部数量大大超过经史子三部.所谓别集,是与总集相对而言,即将个人诗文汇合为一编行世.     

An Examination of the Stochastic Distribution of Spatial Accessibility to Intensive Care Unit Beds during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of the Greater Houston Area of Texas

Sufficient and reliable health care access is necessary for people to be able to maintain good health. Hence, investigating the uncertainty embedded in the temporal changes of inputs would be beneficial for understanding their impact on spatial accessibility. However, previous studies are limited to implementing only the uncertainty of mobility, while health care resource availability is a significant concern during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Our study examined the stochastic distribution of spatial accessibility under the uncertainties underlying the availability of intensive care unit (ICU) beds and ease of mobility in the Greater Houston area of Texas. Based on the randomized supply and mobility from their historical changes, we employed Monte Carlo simulation to measure ICU bed accessibility with an enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method. We then conducted hierarchical clustering to classify regions of adequate (sufficient and reliable) accessibility and inadequate (insufficient and unreliable) accessibility. Lastly, we investigated the relationship between the accessibility measures and the case fatality ratio of COVID-19. As result, locations of sufficient access also had reliable accessibility; downtown and outer counties, respectively, had adequate and inadequate accessibility. We also raised the possibility that inadequate health care accessibility may cause higher COVID-19 fatality ratios.     

敦煌写本P.2625《敦煌名族志》残卷撰写时间和张氏族源考释

本文经过对《敦煌名族志》内容研究考订,结合《新唐书》、《旧唐书》进行研究,认为《敦煌名族志》撰写时间是开元十一年到开元十五年之间,敦煌地区的张氏来源主要有清河、南阳、安定和江东,主要部分是南阳和清河,从唐朝初年,吐鲁番地区已经将南阳与清河混为一起,张淮深封爵南阳郡开国公之后,很多清河张姓改称郡望南阳.