清朝的人口迁移及其社会经济影响

清朝人口迁移规模巨大有两个独特的原因:一为清朝人口的快速增长;二为清朝赋税制度的改革,实行摊丁入亩,使人民获得自由.人口迁移的方向也不同于前朝,总趋势是从中原、江南等人口稠密区向人口稀少的边疆、山区、海岛迁移.清朝的人口迁移缓解了人口相对过剩的压力,使先进的生产技术和生产方法得当传播,有利于经济发展.从而对当时的社会产生了广泛的影响.     

全球史视野下的秦汉考古学体系重构

秦汉考古学是中国考古学的重要组成部分,自近代西方考古学传入中国以来,秦汉考古就一直备受学界关注和重视,先后编撰出版了一系列秦汉考古教材,但由于理论构建与体系建设的滞后,阻碍了秦汉考古学的学科发展,重新构建秦汉考古学体系已刻不容缓。全球史从一种编纂世界历史的方法演变成为研究历史的一种新的视角,为从动态角度研究文化和历史变迁提供了新方法。在秦汉考古学体系的重构与建设中,我们在坚持唯物史观为指导的同时,应有选择地吸收借鉴全球史的理论方法。     

绿色农业视角下青海特色农业发展路径及对策

绿色农业是二十一世纪农业发展的理想模式。青海独特的地域环境和资源条件形成了丰富的特色农业资源,也为发展绿色农业奠定了基础。文章通过对青海特色农业绿色化发展条件的分析,指出了特色农业的发展目标,并提出了实施路径及相关对策。     

塔西佗历史书写中的“年代记”及其政治功能北大核心CSSCI

塔西佗以传统“年代记”体裁写作自奥古斯都到图密善统治时期的历史。他的历史探讨最深刻的人性与政治的关系,以此论证元首政体的好坏与统治者品性之间的联系。塔西佗的政治生涯大部分在图密善时代度过,在图拉真统治时期开始写作历史。图密善的暴政使他对历史写作持谨慎小心的态度,而暴政带来的影响使他希望通过历史写作给贵族阶层提供政治教诲,培育政治上的审慎美德,以便服务于国家。历史写作上的谨慎和提供教诲的愿望,使他放弃了当时流行的皇帝传记体裁而选择传统“年代记”体裁。尽管“年代记”与皇帝传记一样,都把皇帝作为叙述中心,但塔西佗研究的重点是皇帝的统治技巧、计谋和贵族阶层对此的回应,这种叙述体裁的选择因而也是其写作意图的组成部分。     

Thermochemical and bacterial sulfate reduction in the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician carbonates in the Tazhong Area,Tarim Basin,NW China: evidence from fluid inclusions,C, S,and Sr isotopic data

Petrographic features, C, O, S, and Sr isotopes were determined, and fluid inclusions (FI) were analyzed on various stages of vug‐ and fracture‐fillings from the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician reservoirs in the Tazhong area, Tarim basin, NW China. The aim was to assess the origin of pyrite and anhydrite and the processes affecting sulfur during diagenesis of the carbonates. Pyrite from seven wells has δ³⁴S values from ?22‰ to +31‰. The pyrites with low δ³⁴S values from ?21.8‰ to ?12.3‰ were found close to fracture‐filling calcites with vapor‐liquid double‐phase aqueous fluid inclusions homogenization temperatures (FI‐Th) from 55.7 to 73.2°C, salinities from 1.4wt% to 6.59wt% NaCl equiv and δ¹³C values from ?2.3‰ to ?14.2‰, indicating an origin from bacterial sulfate reduction by organic matter. Other sulfides with heavier δ³⁴S values may have formed by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) during two episodes. The earlier TSR in the Middle and Lower Cambrian resulted in pyrites and H₂S having δ³⁴S values from 30 to 33‰, close to those of bedded anhydrite and oilfield water (approximately 34‰). The later TSR is represented by calcites with δ¹³C values as light as ?17.7‰ and FI‐Th of about 120–145°C, and pyrite and H₂S with δ³⁴S values close to those of the Upper Cambrian burial‐diagenetic anhydrite (between +14.8‰ and +22.6‰). The values of the anhydrite are significantly lighter than contemporary seawater sulfates. This together with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of anhydrite and TSR calcites from 0.7091 to 0.7125 suggests a source from the underlying Ediacaran seawater sulfate and detrital Sr contribution.     

A new species of Loricera Latreille from Eocene Baltic amber (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Loricerinae)

Cai, C., Liu Y. & Huang, D., February 2017. A new species of Loricera Latreille from Eocene Baltic amber (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Loricerinae). Alcheringa xx, xxx-xxx. ISSN 0311-5518.

Loricerinae is a small, distinctive subfamily of ground beetles, comprising only one genus Loricera Latreille. Only one fossil species is known to date. Here, we describe a new species, Loricera groehni sp. nov., belonging to Loricera based on a well-preserved adult in Eocene Baltic amber. Loricera groehni is tentatively attributed to the obsoleta group of the subgenus Loricera s.str. based on the relatively long antennomere 3 and punctate elytral interval 7. The discovery of a new species morphologically close to the extant Loricera species from western China and northern India suggests that the obsoleta group was more widespread in the Eocene than it is at present. The distribution pattern of Chinese Loricera is probably relictual. The fossil species, possessing conspicuous stiff setae on the basal antennomeres, was probably a specialized predator of springtails.

Chenyang Cai [cycai@nigpas.ac.cn], Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; Ye Liu [liuye198282@126.com], Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Diying Huang [dyhuang@nigpas.ac.cn], State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.     

Spatial and temporal variety of prehistoric human settlement and its influencing factors in the upper Yellow River valley,Qinghai Province,China

We report an investigation of forty-two prehistoric sites in the upper Yellow River valley located in Guide, Jianzha, Hualong, Xunha and Minhe, Qinghai Province, China, including forty-four new radiocarbon dates from twenty-four sites, review published archaeological surveys and radiocarbon dates, analyze landform features and discuss the reasons for spatial and temporal variety of regional prehistoric human settlement. Our results suggest that people occupied the upper Yellow River valley during the early Holocene, but a continuous archaeological record begins only after about 5500 Cal yr BP. Thereafter, the intensity of prehistoric human settlement in the area is varied. Neolithic human settlement spread northwestward to high altitude areas of the upper Yellow River valley during early-mid Majiayao and Qijia periods, but moved southeastward to lower locations in the area during late Majiayao period. During the Bronze period, two coeval archaeological cultures, the Kayue and Xindian, occupied the upper Yellow River Region. Kayue archaeological sites are numerous and widely distributed in the high areas of the upper Yellow River, while Xindian sites are restricted to the lowest basin of the region. Variation in site density and location are likely the result of changing paleoclimate and technology.     

铁器文物保护中锈层化学稳定转化的研究

出土铁器文物在脱盐清洗后,运用化学稳定转化处理的方法将表面不稳定的铁锈转化成稳定、致密的锈层,然后进行钝化封闭,提高耐蚀性,最后进行防锈封护和表面消光处理。通过各种腐蚀性能测试,证明耐腐蚀性能有显著提高,综合处理的结果达到了文物铁器的保护要求。     

四世班禅生平及与四世达赖、五世达赖之关系

四世班禅精通佛学和传统文化知识,他担任扎什伦布寺住持,使该寺成为班禅活佛系统执掌的主寺;同时,他对四世达赖倾囊相授,担任拉萨祈愿大法会首座,维修大昭寺和甘丹寺灵塔殿金顶,成为格鲁派的领袖人物。此外,他还是五世达赖的上师,协助五世达赖的政教事业,并首倡与关外的清政权建立联系,参与觉囊派改宗等事。四世班禅为格鲁派的发展做出了重大贡献,由此确立了班禅活佛系统在格鲁派中的崇高地位。