明清北京通州运河水系变化与码头迁移研究

明清时期,通州是大运河北端的漕运枢纽,漕运物资悉经通州码头转运至北京。由于通州一带土质松软,水道迁徙频繁,对漕运码头影响巨大。在自然水道自身变化和人力整治的叠加作用下,通州运河水系格局屡有变迁,位于通州附近的运河码头分布和功能也随着水系格局改变而迁移和调整。本文从分析明清时期通州运河水系格局变迁入手,梳理通州码头兴衰起伏和迁移分布过程,以阐述河道变迁与通州漕运码头之间的依存关系。通州码头变迁实际上是人与自然之间互相作用,互相影响的结果。     

POPULATION DISPERSION VS. CONCENTRATION IN A TWO‐REGION MIGRATION MODEL WITH ENDOGENOUS NATURAL AMENITIES*

ABSTRACT Contrary to the predictions of the basic spatial equilibrium model, the long‐run distribution of population across rural U.S. counties with high‐valued natural amenities has become relatively more concentrated versus dispersed. We provide an explanation by developing a two‐region model with mobile labor, production externalities and endogenous natural amenities. We find that strong preferences for natural amenities generally foster population dispersion. However, such preferences can also lead to population concentration when ecological degradation is low and man‐made capital is a relatively scarce input into natural amenity production. Investments that enhance natural amenities are found to reduce the divergence between the steady state and optimal outcomes.     

读《杏雨书屋藏敦煌秘笈》札记

日本《杏雨书屋藏敦煌秘笈》新公布的敦煌文书有不少社会文书,本文对其中六件作了释录、考订。其中《敦煌县龙勒乡都乡里天宝六载籍》,是罗振玉旧藏13行天宝六载籍前面紧连的部分。对《仓史令狐良嗣状》作了重新释读和订名。对《癸未年史喜酥买马契》契文作出考释,指出咸通七年表奏朝廷的米怀玉是敦煌的米都头。对广顺二年的《赵盐久户状》作出考释,确定此文书是由县一级统一抄写成册拟呈报给归义军使衙的"都受田簿"。考订了《驿程记》产生的背景及沙州专使的进京路线。通过对开元年间的《沙州会计历》考订,发现本卷实属法藏敦煌卷P.3841号《唐开元廿三年(735)沙州会计历》尾部的接续部分。     

从随葬工具的性别关联探讨中国新石器时代的性别分工

本文利用二项式分布假设检验方法对黄河流域从裴李岗到大汶口晚期和马厂期男女墓葬中随葬工具的种类和数量的变化进行了统计分析,以揭示劳动按性别分工的问题。这些墓葬的年代范围大致为公元前7000年至2000年之间,正是处于农业生产出现不久后的发展期。根据统计分析,可将随葬工具分为3类:(1)主要由男性使用的工具,(2)主要由女性使用的工具,(3)男女共同使用的工具,其中前两类可视为与性别相关的工具,并计算了每种性别关联型工具在各自遗址或墓地中所占的比例。结果表明,在这一时期中(1)社会劳动中性别分工的增强和细化(性别关联型劳动工具比例的增大和早期一些男女共用型工具晚期转化为主要系男性使用)和(2)男性在社会劳动中优势地位的完全确立(于大汶口晚期在性别关联型工具种类中,主要为男性使用的工具占绝大多数,而主要为女性使用的工具仅留下纺轮一种)。根据这一结果,简单讨论了母系氏族向父系氏族过渡的时间问题。     

Modification of Ductility Reduction Factor for Strength Eccentric Structures Subjected to Pulse-Like Ground Motions

This article investigates the ductility reduction factors for RC eccentric frame structures subjected to pulse-like ground motions. The structural models are with the strength eccentricities which are much disadvantageous than the stiffness eccentricities during the inelastic response range. A method to determine the ductility reduction factors of the strength eccentric structures is suggested by modifying those of reference symmetric structures through an eccentricity modification factor. The four factors of strength eccentricity ratio, ductility ratio, story number and velocity pulse of ground motions, are investigated to gain insight into this modification factor. It shows that the ductility reduction factors of the eccentric structures are clearly smaller than those of the symmetric structures. The eccentricity modification factor is mainly affected by the strength eccentricity and the ductility ratio, decreasing with the increment of the eccentricity or the decrement of the ductility ratio in a medium eccentricity range. The earthquake pulse-like effect and the eccentricity have coupling influence on the modification factor, while the effect of story number is not apparent. Based on the results of a comprehensive statistical study a simplified expression is suggested, which can estimate the eccentricity modification factors for both pulse-like and nonpulse-like ground motion cases.     

Impact of Vertical Ground Excitation on a Bridge with Footing Uplift

Ground motions recorded in the epicentral region of an earthquake often have a strong vertical component with dominant high frequencies. Damage to bridges in near-source regions due to strong vertical ground motion has been reported. The beneficial effects of footing uplift on structural performance in form of reduction of seismic response of structural members have been confirmed in previous research. The uplift of bridge piers has been utilised in a very limited number of bridge structures, e.g., the South Rangitikei railway bridge in New Zealand. However, the near-fault seismic behaviour of bridges with footing uplift has been even less addressed. In this study shake table investigations were carried out on the response of a single-span bridge model with footing uplift subjected to simultaneous vertical and horizontal excitations. Near-fault ground motions recorded in the Canterbury earthquake sequences of 2010 and 2011 were used. The experimental results show that inclusion of vertical ground motions produce stronger axial force in the pier and larger bending moment in the deck. Concurrent horizontal and vertical excitations may also cause more frequent footing uplift than the solely horizontal excitations.     

The Basis of China's Pro‐Palestine Stance and the Current Status of its Implementation

This article is built upon the author's previous attempt to review Sino–Israel relations from the Chinese perspective, where it is argued that the relationship is at a crossroads because China is increasingly more proactively involved in the international arena, which will inevitably lead to a more assertive role in trying to facilitate a solution to the Israel–Palestinian conflicts. The author also affirmed that China is more supportive of the Palestinians. In this article, the author will further analyze China's pro‐Palestine stance, give empirical evidence of this preference by Chinese intelligentsia, and provide insight into the decision‐making mechanisms of the Chinese government in terms of its diplomatic policies. The author also wants to demonstrate that, despite the evident pro‐Palestine tendency of Chinese scholars and consequently the government, little has been done to implement this preference. The Israelis still have a sizable time window to achieve a fair and just peace agreement with the Palestinians. In the long run, China's pro‐Palestine inclination will work more and more against Israel, in contrast to the strong pro‐Israel inclination of the United States.     

Early Darriwilian graptolites from central and western China

Taxonomic restudy of Early Darriwilian graptolites from the Yangtze region, Chiadam and Alxa, has enabled a precise correlation of the Undulograptus austrodentatus Zone (including two subzones) across the three regions, and with the Darriwilian GSSP at Huangnitang in the Jiangshan-Changshan-Yushan (JYC) area. Based on specimens from 17 localities in the Yangtze region, the Exigraptus clavus and Undulograptus austrodentatus zones are recognised as replacements respectively of the Undulograptus sinodentatus (Lower) and U. austrodentatus (Upper) zones of Mu et al. (1979). The U. sinicus Subzone, the upper subzone of the U. austrodentatus Zone, is also recognised from the Sichuan-Guizhou area of the Yangtze region. Two subzones of the U. austrodentatus Zone have also been identified from the Chiadam region with more diverse graptolite fauna. The U. austrodentatus Zone fauna also occurs in the Alxa region. A general pattern of changing graptolite diversity from platform through basinal slope to deep basin is proposed, based on early Darriwilian bio- and lithofacies changes from the Yangtze Platform through the Jiangnan belt to the Zhujiang basin. The graptolite diversity increased with water depth and more off-shore setting. Key graptolite species are illustrated.     

Late Devonian (Famennian) brachiopod Yunnanella from the Junggar Basin,northern Xinjiang,China

The Late Devonian (Famennian) brachiopod Yunnanella is reported from the western Junggar Basin, northern Xinjiang, on the basis of Yunnanella hanburii (Davidson) and Yunnanella sp.     

A late Changhsingian (latest Permian) deep-water brachiopod fauna from Guizhou,South China

O’Gorman, J.P. &; Gasparini, Z., 2013. Revision of Sulcusuchus erraini (Sauropterygia, Polycotylidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa 37, 161–174. ISSN 0311-5518.

Sulcusuchus erraini, from the upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian of Patagonia, Argentina, is the only polycotylid from the Southern Hemisphere for which the skull and mandible are known. The diagnosis of the species and genus is emended based on new observations. Sulcusuchus is characterized by the following autapomorphies: (1) deep and broad rostral and mandibular grooves and (2) a wide notch on the posterior margin of the pterygoids that are combined with a part of the body of the basioccipital, forming a wide plate. Several hypotheses about the identity of the structures that could have been housed in the rostral and mandibular grooves are evaluated. Only two of several hypotheses were not discarded. The first is that the grooves may have accommodated oral glands (supralabial and sublabial), but the biological role of such glands could not be inferred. The second hypothesis is the presence of special structures of an electrosensitive and/or mechanosensitive nature, which might allow the detection of infaunal or semi-infaunal food in soft substrates, as is represented in modern analogues, such as dolphins.

José P. O’Gorman [joseogorman@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar] and Zulma Gasparini [zgaspari@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar], División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n., B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina. Also affiliated with Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina and CONICET: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina Received 5.6.2012; revised 31.7.2012; accepted 4.9.2012.