成功刻画特定历史环境的人物形象——《史记》列传历史编纂成就析论

司马迁记述人物的成就有诸多方面,其中"成功地刻画特定历史环境的人物形象"尤其值得我们深入总结和大力阐释。《伍子胥列传》、《魏公子列传》、《袁盎晁错列传》等名篇,不仅展现了这些人物生动感人的性格、神采,而且深刻地反映出他们所处的不同时代的特点,因而为我们提供了撰写历史人物传记的成功典范。我们要认真借鉴《史记》的成功经验,努力实现对传统史学精华的创造性转化和创新性发展,不断探求在当今历史书写中如何做到既能生动地刻画人物的活动、性格、气质,又能凸显其所处的时代特点,从而有效地克服历史著作平淡乏味的缺陷,使我们撰写的史书更能受到大众的欢迎。     

Fluid mixing induced by hydrothermal activity in the ordovician carbonates in Tarim Basin,China

Permian hydrothermal activity in the Tarim Basin may have been responsible for the invasion of hot brines into Ordovician carbonate reservoirs. Studies have been undertaken to explain the origin and geochemical characteristics of the diagenetic fluid present during this hydrothermal event although there is no consensus on it. We present a genetic model resulting from the study of δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, δ³⁴S, and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope values and fluid inclusions (FIs) from fracture‐ and vug‐filling calcite, saddle dolomite, fluorite, barite, quartz, and anhydrite from Ordovician outcrops in northwest (NW) Tarim Basin and subsurface cores in Central Tarim Basin. The presence of hydrothermal fluid was confirmed by minerals with fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures being >10°C higher than the paleo‐formation burial temperatures both in the NW Tarim and in the Central Tarim areas. The mixing of hot (>200°C), high‐salinity (>24 wt% NaCl), ⁸⁷Sr‐rich (up to 0.7104) hydrothermal fluid with cool (60–100°C), low‐salinity (0 to 3.5 wt% NaCl), also ⁸⁷Sr‐rich (up to 0.7010) meteoric water in the Ordovician unit was supported by the salinity of fluid inclusions, and δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopic values of the diagenetic minerals. Up‐migrated hydrothermal fluids from the deeper Cambrian strata may have contributed to the hot brine with high sulfate concentrations which promoted thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) in the Ordovician, resulting in the formation of ¹²C‐rich (δ¹³C as low as ?13.8‰) calcite and ³⁴S‐rich (δ³⁴S values from 21.4‰ to 29.7‰) H₂S, pyrite, and elemental sulfur. Hydrothermal fluid mixing with fresh water in Ordovician strata in Tarim Basin was facilitated by deep‐seated faults and up‐reaching faults due to the pervasive Permian magmatic activity. Collectively, fluid mixing, hydrothermal dolomitization, TSR, and faulting may have locally dissolved the host carbonates and increased the reservoir porosity and permeability, which has significant implications for hydrocarbon exploration.     

贵州少数民族传统生态理念初探

生态问题是当前政府和学术界都十分关注和重视的问题,也是关乎当今和子孙后代生存发展的重大问题。贵州的世居少数民族在漫长的社会、生产、生活的实践中,形成了本民族的生态知识和传统生态理念。本文着重从贵州少数民族的传统生态理念:和谐理念、保护理念、风水理念等方面进行论述。     

陕西子洲出土商代青铜容器铸造工艺观察分析

2010年11月,陕西省子洲县裴家湾镇关王岔村出土了6件青铜容器,包括尊、瓿、盘、觚、鼎、提梁卣各1件。本文通过对铜器上遗留的工艺痕迹进行肉眼观察,对铜器的铸型设计、芯撑情况、浇注位置等铸造工艺环节以及铸后加工的细节进行了初步的判断和复原,指出该批铜器的铸造工艺与安阳出土的殷墟前期同类器物基本相同,这一结果对认识和揭示这批青铜器的学术价值具有重要的意义。     

朝贡制度与东亚地区传统国际秩序——以16-19世纪的明清王朝为中心

东亚地区传统国际秩序应称"封贡体系"较为周全。封贡关系的要义在于"事大"与"字小"。从中国明清王朝与朝鲜、琉球、越南等属国关系看,朝贡制度也是双边贸易、文化交流、边疆管控以及司法合作的基本机制,而在属国遭遇国家安全危机时,作为"上国"的明清王朝也积极进行政治外交和军事上的援救行动。不过,朝贡制度旨在建立"上国"与"属国"之间的主从关系,各个"属国"之间并没有围绕"上国"而形成合作联盟。因此,它在近代难以抗衡运用条约体系的西方列强以及日本在东亚地区的扩张。     

辽金元的夏捺钵——“阿延川”、“上京”及“爪忽都”辨

辽、金、元三朝皇帝每年皆例行驻夏活动,习称"夏捺钵",并在国家政治生活中占有举足轻重的地位,其中以炭山避暑最为引人注目。作者从四库本宋元文献中所见"阿延川"、"上京"两名入手,认为"阿延川"本作"爱阳川","上京"实乃"上陉"之误,两地皆位于炭山(金莲川草原)范围,并对清人认为"爪忽都"亦指金莲川的观点提出了不同的意见。     

清末民国新疆哈密民田与维汉关系

考察新疆哈密民田是了解近代哈密社会变迁的一条有效途径。道光年间,在林则徐主持下哈密出现了第一块民田。民国初年,哈密屯田民田化使民田面积进一步扩展。20世纪30年代,哈密回王世袭特权被取消,札萨克制下的土地朝民田方向发展。同时,哈密县政府限制清真寺的世俗权力,维吾尔人与汉人之间开始民田买卖,逐渐形成"你中有我,我中有你"的经济关系。     

大冶香炉山遗址采集炉渣初步研究

对湖北省大冶市香炉山遗址采集的20个炉渣样品进行了扫描电镜检测,发现了炼制锑青铜、锡铅青铜、生铁的炉渣。重点对锡铅青铜的冶炼流程进行了推断,认为该遗址首先使用伴生有铅镍砷等元素的铜矿石进行还原冶炼,再添加锡料生产以锡铅为主要合金元素并含有镍砷的青铜,先后排出不含锡和含锡的两种高铁型炉渣。香炉山遗址出现的青铜生产证据,预示着大冶地区可能存在着相当规模的有别于中原的早期青铜产业,对探讨鄂东南地区早期冶金技术与当地文明的演进关系具有重要意义。     

Tourist motivations in relation to a battlefield: a case study of Kinmen

ABSTRACT

To assess tourist motivations at the battlefield site on Kinmen Island of Taiwan, an empirical investigation was conducted. From a convenience sample, we collected 437 effective responses of respondents including domestic and international tourists with different cultural background in Kinmen. The structure of motivation was first examined via factor analysis. Then ANOVA analysis was applied to address the influence from demographic aspects such as gender, age, and nationality. Our results show that personal, spiritual, experience, physical, and emotional perspectives are five major sources of motivations. More importantly, age and nationality are confirmed to be two major dimensions to segment tourists in the context of battlefield tourism. Tourists with older age have higher motivations toward the battlefield site in comparison with young tourists. In addition, tourists with different cultural background based on different nationalities are significantly motivated by various motivational factors. The example of Kinmen contributes theoretically to a better understanding of the motivational attributes in a battlefield site, and how they represent a basis for increasing tourist perceptions. The motivational mechanisms and factors explored in this case can be incorporated into marketing strategies. Additionally, our results also provide a viable basis for the tourism authorities concerned to reevaluate the essence of its tourism industry in the context of battlefield resources and attractions.