秦牧苑考

秦养马业十分发达,为适应战争的需要而建立了官营养马牛牧苑.从出土秦简知:秦牧苑称公马牛苑,分设于县内;牧苑管理机构分为中央-县-公马牛苑三级,苑内总负责人为苑啬夫,下设有苑计等苑吏;为保证公马牛的牧养质量,国家还组织有游牧各县的大牧群,且制定了种种保护公马牛的法令.     

Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China

Recent zooarchaeological studies on water buffalo (Bubalus sp.) remains from China and south Asia question the traditional view that water buffalo were first domesticated in Neolithic China over 7000 years ago. The results from several recent population genetic studies of modern domesticated buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) are not consistent with each other, placing the original center of buffalo's domestication in south Asia, southeast Asia, or China. This paper reports a study using an ancient DNA approach to analyze water buffalo remains from Neolithic sites in north China to investigate their affinities with modern domesticated water buffalo, and to shed light on the origin of modern domesticated water buffalo in China.A 169 bp fragment of D-loop mitochondrial DNA was successfully amplified and verified for 13 of 24 bone samples obtained from seven archaeological sites along the Wei River valley in Shaanxi Province, China. The bone samples which yielded positive DNA can be dated to 8000–3600 cal. BP. The phylogenetic analysis of the obtained DNA sequences along with modern water buffalo sequences indicated that the ancient water buffalos were not the direct ancestor of modern domesticated water buffalo. However, the phylogenetic analysis, along with BLAST searches of these ancient DNA sequences, did demonstrate their relatedness to water buffalo more so than to any other bovid species, confirming the existence of indigenous wild (but now extinct) water buffalo species (B. mephistopheles) in ancient China.The DNA analysis of these ancient remains failed to establish direct links between modern domesticated water buffalo (B. bubalis) and indigenous water buffalo (B. mephistopheles) from ancient China. If further DNA studies of more ancient remains from other regions of China confirm the observation of solely indigenous water buffalo species in ancient China, it would suggest modern water buffalo might not have been first domesticated in China.     

燕山—长城南北地区史前文化的适应变迁

目次一生态交错带适应的一般模式二史前文化适应方式的转换三环境格局的变化与适应变迁四结语燕山-长城南北地区是考古学研究上有特殊意义的地区。其地处蒙古高原到华北平原、东北平原的过渡地带,海河流域北部、滦河下游为其南区域,滦河上游、大小凌河、辽河上游地区为其北区域。我国400毫米降水分界线即位于此,也是北方干旱区与半干旱-半湿润区的过渡地带。     

简论哈密地区维吾尔族传统服饰图案装饰艺术

哈密地区维吾尔族传统服饰,特别是妇女服饰中的图案艺术,对于维吾尔族文化的发展和变迁有着特殊的价值和意义。它不仅具有独特的造型、色彩等形式语言,还有着深刻的象征寓意和文化内涵。本文主要从哈密地区维吾尔族传统服饰中图案装饰艺术的题材、形式、工艺等方面探讨其特征和意义。     

静宁新店村宋墓出土彩绘砖现状调查

2010年12月13日,静宁县新店村发现古墓葬一座,甘肃省博物馆参与了随后的考察与修复论证工作。根据相关考古资料,结合彩绘砖所绘画面内容,确定新店村发现墓葬为宋代墓葬。从调查结果看,因墓葬坍塌及多次渗水影响,彩绘砖胎体残损、断裂严重,因覆盖淤泥致使画面漫漶不清;加之发掘现场环境温度较低,致使出土彩绘砖严重冰冻,造成部分砖胎体结构边缘脱落、裂隙,引起表面彩绘的剥落、脱落。此外,恶劣、开放的保存环境,随着温、湿度的不断波动变化,将会频繁地加重胎体腐蚀病害的发作,所以急需实施科学、合理的修复和保护处理。针对彩绘砖保存现状,专业修复人员制定了合理的保护方案,提出了科学的修复方案与保护方法。     

Cultural impact of modernization and tourism on Dai villages in Xishuangbanna,China

The development of tourism can have a considerable sociocultural impact on ethnic communities, but few studies have attempted to separate the unique impact of ethnic tourism from the overall impact of modernization and describe its mechanism clearly. This paper describes a quasi-natural experiment performed in three typical Dai villages in different stages of tourism development. A crosswise and longitudinal comparative study was performed on Dai village culture. The study indicates the following: (1) spiritual culture has been transmitted relatively unchanged across generations in three Dai villages, but material culture has undergone various degrees of change. (2) The changes in material culture and some parts of institutional culture have been caused primarily by the pressure of overall social modernization. (3) Currently, the overall thrust of modernization in mainstream Chinese society has driven some ethnic cultural practices out of use, while the endogenous driving force of tourism development in ethnic communities has pulled them back into use. (4) Under the influence of modernization, the issue of whether ethnic tourism communities can be developed in a sustainable way depends on both bottom-up and top-down factors: the leading role played by community elites internally, developing useful parts of ethnic culture and discarding useless parts during repeated games in the tourism field, and government policy and guidance facilitating planning.     

论高等院校学生评教的理性发展趋势

二十多年来,我国学生评教的研究和实践取得了长足发展,并将随着时代的发展继续完善和发挥作用。文章剖析了高校学生评教发展的四大趋势：（1）理性认识学生评教本原,（2）针对不同课程,分类开展评价,（3）改进评价技术,突出诊断功能,（4）以人为本,谨慎使用评教结果。     

朝贡制度与东亚地区传统国际秩序——以16-19世纪的明清王朝为中心

东亚地区传统国际秩序应称"封贡体系"较为周全。封贡关系的要义在于"事大"与"字小"。从中国明清王朝与朝鲜、琉球、越南等属国关系看,朝贡制度也是双边贸易、文化交流、边疆管控以及司法合作的基本机制,而在属国遭遇国家安全危机时,作为"上国"的明清王朝也积极进行政治外交和军事上的援救行动。不过,朝贡制度旨在建立"上国"与"属国"之间的主从关系,各个"属国"之间并没有围绕"上国"而形成合作联盟。因此,它在近代难以抗衡运用条约体系的西方列强以及日本在东亚地区的扩张。     

陕西子洲出土商代青铜容器铸造工艺观察分析

2010年11月,陕西省子洲县裴家湾镇关王岔村出土了6件青铜容器,包括尊、瓿、盘、觚、鼎、提梁卣各1件。本文通过对铜器上遗留的工艺痕迹进行肉眼观察,对铜器的铸型设计、芯撑情况、浇注位置等铸造工艺环节以及铸后加工的细节进行了初步的判断和复原,指出该批铜器的铸造工艺与安阳出土的殷墟前期同类器物基本相同,这一结果对认识和揭示这批青铜器的学术价值具有重要的意义。     

论刘向对《战国策》的部属归类

刘向作为《战国策》的编定者,对该书总体性质的形成有着深刻的影响。以往质疑刘向部属归类的讨论,未能在此前提之下进行讨论。由此,论者往往过度聚焦于书中具体篇章所体现的子书色彩,却游离了最应着力审视的全书总体性质。事实上,通过审视该书编辑体例、编辑目的,以及刘向对其在部属归类上的斟酌取舍,不难得出《战国策》总体性质是史料汇编类文献的结论。概言之,刘向对《战国策》的部属归类是合理的。这也展现了一代文献学大家卓越的专业眼光。