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131.
132.
Alicia K. Wilbur Abigail S. Bouwman Anne C. Stone Charlotte A. Roberts Luz-Andrea Pfister Jane E. Buikstra Terence A. Brown 《Journal of archaeological science》2009
We explore the standards of research and reporting needed to justify the destructive analysis of archaeological human bone for biomolecular studies of ancient tuberculosis (TB). Acceptable standards in osteological interpretation have been met in some biomolecular papers, but there are also cases where insufficient care has been taken in distinguishing between pathognomonic lesions and those that are ‘consistent with’ a diagnosis of TB. Some biomolecular studies have failed to recognize that archaeological bones might be contaminated with environmental mycobacteria whose DNA could give rise to false positives in polymerase chain reactions directed at members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The difficulties of applying spoligotyping to ancient DNA have also been underestimated and conclusions drawn from such analyses are often weakly supported. Assumptions that mycobacterial DNA preserves better than human DNA, and that contamination with modern DNA is less of a problem, has led in some cases to a laxity in research standards with insufficient attention paid to the need to authenticate ancient DNA results. We illustrate our concerns by reference to a recent paper reporting biomolecular detection of ancient TB DNA in skeletons from the eastern Mediterranean Neolithic settlement of Atlit-Yam. We are unconvinced that the skeletal evidence presented in this paper gives sufficient indication of TB to warrant destructive analysis, and we are concerned that during the biomolecular part of the project inadequate attention was paid to the possibility that results might be due to laboratory cross-contamination or to amplification of environmental mycobacterial DNA present in the bones. 相似文献
133.
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135.
O n the F uture of H istory : T he P ostmodernist C hallenge and I ts A ftermath . By Ernst Breisach. 相似文献
136.
Charlotte Beck Amanda K. Taylor George T. Jones Cynthia M. Fadem Caitlyn R. Cook Sara A. Millward 《Journal of Anthropological Archaeology》2002,21(4)
Central place foraging models are used to investigate assemblage variability at two Paleoarchaic (terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene) dacite quarries in the central and eastern Great Basin. Our analyses focus specifically on biface reduction and how varying degrees of reduction relate to the costs of transporting the resulting products upon departing the quarry. Our results suggest that when the distance to be traveled to a residential base is great, reduction will proceed further at the quarry than if the residential base is fairly close. Further, a residential site assemblage will consist of bifaces at later stages of reduction than its associated quarry. 相似文献
137.
James Barrett Cluny Johnstone Jennifer Harland Wim Van Neer Anton Ervynck Daniel Makowiecki Dirk Heinrich Anne Karin Hufthammer Inge Bødker Enghoff Colin Amundsen Jørgen Schou Christiansen Andrew K.G. Jones Alison Locker Sheila Hamilton-Dyer Leif Jonsson Lembi Lõugas Callum Roberts Michael Richards 《Journal of archaeological science》2008
This paper explores the potential of stable isotope analysis to identify the approximate region of catch of cod by analysing bones from medieval settlements in northern and western Europe. It measures the δ13C and δ15N values of cod bone collagen from medieval control samples collected from sites around Arctic Norway, the North Sea, the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. These data were considered likely to differ by region due to, for example, variation in the length of the food chain, water temperature and salinity. We find that geographical structuring is indeed evident, making it possible to identify bones from cod caught in distant waters. These results provide a new methodology for studying the growth of long-range trade in dried cod and the related expansion of fishing effort—important aspects of the development of commercialisation in medieval Europe. As a first test of the method, we analyse three collections of cod bones tentatively interpreted as imported dried fish based on a priori zooarchaeological criteria. The results tentatively suggest that cod were being transported or traded over very long distances since the end of the first millennium AD. 相似文献
138.
Neoliberal Geopolitics 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
139.
A subterranean, stone‐built, sediment‐filled culvert discovered during excavations at the Agora (Athens, Greece) was dated to the Roman period on the basis of its characteristic construction and associated finds, including coins. The location of the culvert relative to other adjacent watercourses and an ancient river bed suggested that the structure was a sewer. This was confirmed through a multi‐molecular biomarker approach based on analysis of the bile acids associated with sediment filling the sewer, using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The acid fraction contained predominantly deoxycholic and lithocholic acids, while the neutral steroid fraction comprised a complex mixture of Δ5 sterol and 5β‐ and 5α‐stanols, dominated by coprostanol, suggesting the presence of faecal matter of predominantly human origin. The concentrations of neutral and acidic faecal biomarkers were observed to vary in tandem, with the highest concentrations being found in the sediment at the base of the fill in the culvert. A reduction in concentration occurred with decreasing depth of the fill, with concentrations in the uppermost samples being little different from control samples of sediment taken beyond the confines of the culvert. The enhanced concentration of bile acids relative to 5β‐stanols compared with fresh human faeces must reflect the enhanced diagenetic stability of the former, thereby making bile acids the possibly preferred biomarker for this type of study. The quantitative data obtained suggest that the culvert fell rapidly out of use, possibly coinciding with the Slavic incursion in AD 582–3. 相似文献
140.
Benjamin W. Roberts 《Journal of World Prehistory》2009,22(4):461-481
The earliest metal objects and metal production practices appeared in Western Europe during the fourth and third millennia
BC. The presence of earlier dates for copper, gold, silver, and lead, as well as arsenical copper and tin-bronze alloys in
Central and Eastern Europe implies that there is no evidence for the independent invention of metallurgy in Western Europe.
Instead, the acquisition of metal objects as exotica by communities appears to have led eventually to the movement of people
possessing metallurgical expertise. However, the metals, production techniques and object forms used in each region reflect
local standards seen in other materials. This implies a process of incorporation and innovation by the communities involved
rather than a straightforward or inevitable adoption. The presence of metal may have created new networks of communication
and exchange but, due to its small scale, there is no evidence for any metallurgical revolution. 相似文献