激光诱导击穿光谱分析法及其在彩绘文物分析与表征中的应用

激光诱导击穿光谱分析法是基于激光辐射与物质相互作用产生等离子体而进行实时、快速测定、表征的一种光谱分析新方法。其具有高灵敏度、高分辨率,分析速度快,样品用量少,无需样品预处理,一次光谱可测定多种元素组分等特点,且可在非破坏和非接触的条件下进行在线和实时分析测定,已广泛应用于材料、生物、环境、冶金、医学和文物等领域的测量和表征研究。本文从激光诱导击穿光谱分析法的基本原理、仪器装置及其在彩绘文物研究中的应用和进展进行了综述。     

Chinese Social History: Forty Years of Research under the Chinese Economic Reform

In the wake of the Chinese economic reform, Chinese scholars have welcomed in the resurgence of historical social research. Looking back over the past 30-odd years of research development, it could be said there existed four general periods: A brainstorm period, an initial “beginning” period, a period of maturation and lastly an expansion period. From looking at the context of [its] theoretical development, it is clear that scholars researching Chinese social history were, from the beginning, focused on how exactly to define “society.” This, however, resulted in much debate about the different concepts of social history itself. Though the matter has yet to be settled, the ultimate research objective for the field of historical social research is in its pursuit of truth. In recent years following the dissolution of disciplinary boundaries, the interdisciplinary viewpoint(s) established by social and cultural history have also provided forth a new horizon for the development of Chinese historical social research.     

Civil-military tensions during the Kangxi emperor��s first southern tour

Starting with a court debate which broke out in the spring of 1684, this essay explores the multivalent symbolism of the Kangxi emperor’s first imperial tour to Shandong and Jiangsu provinces in the fall of 1684. Some courtiers advocated treating the Kangxi emperor’s touring activities as a rite of conquest, while others saw them as an exercise in sagely rule and benevolent civil governance. Here I suggest that this ritual controversy revealed a tension between civil and military values within the political culture of the Qing court. Furthermore, this ideological tension became most acute and apparent during the Kangxi emperor’s “eastern” and “southern” tours of 1684, when the imperial procession approached and crossed certain culturally and symbolically significant locations. As such, we are reminded that the legitimization of Qing rule was never fully complete, but was rather an open-ended and ongoing historical process.     

Structural change in local finance during China��s reform era: A case study

By looking at one particular case, this study determines what resources were available to local governments in order to finance local economic development in the reform era. It finds that although local finance expanded tremendously in this era, and extra-budgetary revenue also increased, those two things did not produce much financial surplus for capital construction and fixed investment. The only source at the local government’s disposal was cheap land expropriated from local peasants. Land thus becomes the key to understanding local finance during the reform era.     

宋明以来宗族制形成理论辨析

The discussion of the formation of patriarchal lineage system since the Song and Ming dynasties can be divided by the turn of 1980s and 1990s. The earlier period research is rationalized by four theories under the perspective of feudal society: the theory of village commune, the theory of lineage authority, the theory of patriarchal thought, and the theory of the restriction of land relations. The theoretical breakthroughs of the latter focused on the lineage's popularization, “three changes” of the kinship organization and the social vicissitude, the national identity, the lineage's community-compactization, and the generalized analysis on the reason of patriarchal lineage's formation. __________ Translated by Xiong Ting from Anhui Shixue 安徽史学 (Historical Research in Auhui), 2007, (1): 75–87     

Tradition and Christianity: Controversial Funerals and Concepts of the Person among the Paiwan,Taiwan

This essay focuses on the complex and dynamic relationships between tradition and Christianity among the Paiwan, an Austronesian‐speaking people in Taiwan. The ethnography comes from a village in which adherents of traditional religion and Presbyterians live in the same area, but in separate quarters. They have close kinship and marriage ties; however, the funeral constitutes a major area of controversy and tension. I juxtapose their contrasting representations of death and funerals to highlight their differences and trace the source of their conflict to the ideological domain of concepts of the person. I argue that the differences in their funerals can be explained by the differences in the ways the two groups articulate two versions of the person. Adherents of traditional religion emphasize the holistic side of the person by calling the spirit of the deceased to reunite with the living, whereas Presbyterians stress the individualistic side of the person and maintain the boundary between the living and the dead. I propose that it is the co‐existence of two distinct concepts of the person and the different ways of articulating those concepts which shape the dynamic but often contradictory relationship between tradition and Christianity.     

张学良与九一八事变再探讨

基于中国国力不及日本、迷信和平和保存实力等因素考虑,九一八事变发生后,张学良在没有得到蒋介石和国民政府的明确指示下,自行实行不抵抗政策,致使沈阳失守,东北沦陷。由于在对日看法上,张学良与蒋介石观点基本一致;二人对九一八事变的处理又合作无间,所以,张学良和蒋介石对东北沦陷都应负责。论对狭义的九一八事变的处理,张学良应负直接责任;论对广义的九一八事变的处理,蒋介石则应负主要责任。但蒋、张之“不抵抗政策”,非为不抗日,而是何时抗日、如何抗日的问题。     

从官员考课看清初满洲贵族制度建设的原则

考课制度是国家定期考察官员的制度,是清代政治制度的重要组成部分。清初考课制度的确立,经历了一个不断选择、取舍的过程,到雍正初年,最终确立了以京察、大计、军政考察为主体的考课制度。本文探讨了清初考课制度的确立过程,揭示了满洲贵族在制度建设方面所遵循的诸多原则。     

《髹饰录》寿笺并《<髹饰录>解说》引文校勘

明中叶黄成所著《髹饰录》是我国古代唯一传世的漆器工艺著作。本文在对《髹饰录》校勘的基础上、继对《髹饰录》寿笺并《<髹饰录>解说》引文进行校勘辨正。