魂系敦煌──新版“九十春秋敦煌五十年”选载(二)

常书鸿先生40年代只身前往敦煌 ,在极其艰难困苦的条件下 ,对敦煌莫高窟进行了卓有成效的保护 ,并开展了临摹研究等一系列工作 ,终于迎来了敦煌的解放和中华人民共和国的成立。为了事业 ,他吞下了妻离子散的苦果 ,心血沥沥 ,饱尝艰辛。他以牺牲个人幸福为代价 ,保护了祖国优秀文化遗产。全国解放初期 ,中央即决定在北京举办“敦煌艺术展览” ,周总理亲临参观指导并对他进行了亲切表彰勉励 ,中央人民政府政务院文教委员会为敦煌文物研究所颁发了时任政务院副总理的郭沫若先生亲笔书写的奖状。     

赏石文献六种题解

本文从中国古代奇石鉴赏的著述中,选取名篇要籍六种,考订其作者、内容、价值及版本诸项,为探讨赏石美学和赏石文化的学人提供求书问道之便。     

专题研究的新尝试--评"中华民俗丛书"四种

由钟敬文担任顾问、周星、邱立担纲主编的《中华民俗丛书》首批四种,已于近日由中央民族大学出版社出版发行,它们是《闹洞房》(尚会鹏著)、《抢婚》(叶涛、吴存浩著)、《姓名》(纳日碧力戈著)、《谐音民俗》(张廷兴著).     

The nonprofit arts organization concept and its transformation in Korea

ABSTRACT

After the Korean War, both the autocratic and later democratic South Korean governments actively fostered the development of Korea’s arts sector, in part by emulating the organizational and legal structures of U.S. nonprofits. Yet, in this policy transfer, Korea has taken a different path, notably rearticulating the U.S.-style hands-off facilitation model to reflect and accommodate Korean political, institutional, and cultural exigencies. We analyze the effects of the resulting cultural policy on Korean public arts institutions, using documentary evidence and narratives from our case studies of two national arts organizations restructured by the government: The National Theater Company of Korea and the Seoul Arts Center. We employ the concept of cultural statism, conditioned by "culture as glorification," resource dependence, and path dependence, to understand the development of Korea’s public arts sector. Specifically, we consider: the government’s desire to use the arts to enhance its image on an international stage shaped by western liberal democratic values; arts leaders’ desire for reliable support (resource dependence); and the tendancy of Koreans to want to be associated with the stability and prestige of the government (path dependence).     

Spatial Patterns of March and September Streamflow Trends in Pacific Northwest Streams, 1958–2008

Summer streamflow is a vital water resource for municipal and domestic water supplies, irrigation, salmonid habitat, recreation, and water‐related ecosystem services in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) in the United States. This study detects significant negative trends in September absolute streamflow in a majority of 68 stream‐gauging stations located on unregulated streams in the PNW from 1958 to 2008. The proportion of March streamflow to annual streamflow increases in most stations over 1,000 m elevation, with a baseflow index of less than 50, while absolute March streamflow does not increase in most stations. The declining trends of September absolute streamflow are strongly associated with seven‐day low flow, January–March maximum temperature trends, and the size of the basin (19–7,260 km²), while the increasing trends of the fraction of March streamflow are associated with elevation, April 1 snow water equivalent, March precipitation, center timing of streamflow, and October–December minimum temperature trends. Compared with ordinary least squares (OLS) estimated regression models, spatial error regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models effectively remove spatial autocorrelation in residuals. The GWR model results show spatial gradients of local R ² values with consistently higher local R ² values in the northern Cascades. This finding illustrates that different hydrologic landscape factors, such as geology and seasonal distribution of precipitation, also influence streamflow trends in the PNW. In addition, our spatial analysis model results show that considering various geographic factors help clarify the dynamics of streamflow trends over a large geographical area, supporting a spatial analysis approach over aspatial OLS‐estimated regression models for predicting streamflow trends. Results indicate that transitional rain–snow surface water‐dominated basins are likely to have reduced summer streamflow under warming scenarios. Consequently, a better understanding of the relationships among summer streamflow, precipitation, snowmelt, elevation, and geology can help water managers predict the response of regional summer streamflow to global warming. Patrones espaciales de las tendencias de los caudales de marzo y septiembre en el Pacífico Noroccidental. Los caudales (streamflows) de verano son recursos hídricos vitales para el abastecimiento de agua municipal y domestico así como para el riego agrícola, el hábitat de los salmónidos, la recreación, y para varios servicios de los ecosistemas en el Pacífico Noroccidental (Pacific Nortwest‐PNW) de los Estados Unidos. Este estudio identifica tendencias negativas considerables en los caudales absolutos de septiembre en la mayoría de las 68 estaciones de medición situadas en ríos y arroyos no regulares del PNW entre 1958 y 2008. La proporción del caudal de marzo con respecto al caudal anual aumenta en la mayoría de las estaciones situadas a más de 1000 metros de altitud, que tienen un índice de caudal base (base flow index‐BFI) de menos de 50, pero se mantiene estable en el resto (la mayoría) de las estaciones. Las tendencias decrecientes de los caudales absolutos de septiembre están fuertemente asociadas con el caudal mínimo para siete días (seven‐day low), con las tendencias de temperatura máxima entre enero y marzo, y con el tamaño de la cuenca (19‐7,260 km2). Las tendencias crecientes de la proporción del caudal total correspondiente a marzo están asociadas con la elevación, con un equivalente a agua de la nieve de abril (one April snow wáter equivalent ‐SWE), con la precipitación de marzo, el center timing (TC) de los caudales, y con las tendencias de temperatura mínima entre octubre y diciembre. En comparación con los estimados de modelos de regresión de tipo mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (ordinary least squares‐OLS), los modelos de regresión de error espacial (spatial error regression‐SER) y de regresión ponderada geográficamente (geographically weighted regression‐GWR) eliminan eficazmente la autocorrelación espacial en los residuos. Los resultados del modelo GWR producen mapas con gradientes espaciales donde los valores de los R² locales son consistentemente más altos en las cascadas del norte. Este resultado pone de manifiesto que diferentes factores hidrológicos del paisaje, tales como la geología y la distribución estacional de la precipitación, también influyen en las tendencias de los caudales en el PNW. Adicionalmente, los resultados del modelo de análisis espacial muestran que la inclusión de diversos factores geográficos ayuda a aclarar la dinámica de las tendencias de los caudales en un área geográfica grande, corroborando la mayor utilidad de modelos con enfoque de espacial sobre modelos. Los resultados indican también que en cuencas transicionales (entre lluvia y nieve) donde predominan las aguas superficiales existe una probabilidad más alta de reducccion de caudal de verano en el contexto de escenarios de calentamiento. En consecuencia, una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre caudal de verano, la precipitación, el derretimiento de nieve, la elevación y la geología puede ayudar a los gestores del agua a predecir la respuesta de los caudales de verano en un escenario de calentamiento global. 夏季径流是美国太平洋西北部地区(PNW)市政与居民水供应、灌溉、鱼类栖息、娱乐及水相关生态系统服务的重要来源。本研究通过1958–2008年PNW地区68个地理位置上未调节的径流测量站分析揭示出九月绝对径流量与该地区水来源呈显著的负相关趋势。三月径流占年际径流量的比例在大多数海拔超过1000米的地区是增加的,然而大多数地区基本径流指数（BFI）少于50,表明三月绝对径流量在多数地区并没有增加。九月绝对径流量的下滑趋势与年均为期7天的低流量,1月–3月最大温度趋势及流域面积（19–7,260 km²）呈强相关性,而三月绝对径流量微量增加的趋势则与海拔高度,四月一日的雪水当量（SWE）,三月降水,径流中心时序（CT）和十月至十二月最小温度趋势相关。与OLS(普通最小二乘法估计)回归模型相比,空间滞后回归（SER）和地理加权回归模型（GWR）能有效剔除空间自相关的残差而更有效。GWR结果显示局部R²值在空间上渐变梯度,并且在北美洲喀斯喀特山脉（Cascade）：北部地区高于其他地区。该发现表明不同水文景观因子,如地质、降水的季节分布,也会对PNW的径流趋势产生影响。另外,我们的空间分析模型结果显示,考虑多种地理因素可解析大面积的地理区域中径流量空间分布趋势的动力机制, 为预测径流趋势提供一种优于OLS空间估计回归模型的空间分析方法。结果表明气候变暖背景下,季节性降水、地表水主导的流域极可能减少夏季径流量。因此,更好地理解夏季径流量与降水、融雪水、海拔和地质的关系,可帮助水资源管理者预测区域夏季径流对全球变暖的响应。     

Allies at Loggerheads: Sino-U.S.Military Cooperation During the Pacific War, 1941-1945

In the late 1960s,with many American intellectuals frustrated by the Vietnam War,plus the opening of U.S.World War Ⅱ records,the history of the spoiled relations between China and the U.S.were,again,combed through by historians.The "Stilwell Incident," as known by the Chinese (especially in Taiwan),together with the experience of the "China hands," were often the core of historical inquiry.In 1970,Barbara Tuchman published her renowned work:Stilwell and the American Experience in China,1911-1945;and soon her interpretation became prevailing.Over the years,the perception of Stilwell and the China hands,as presented by Tuchman,regarding the conflict between "vinegar Joe" Stilwell and the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek,as well as the fall of the Generalissimo had been accepted as an accurate representation of China's war time history.     

Load Discontinuity in Step-by-step Integration

In this article, both analytical and numerical studies show that a load discontinuity will lead to an amplitude distortion in performing the step-by-step integration. It is also found that the relative amplitude error caused by load discontinuity is closely related to, but not proportional to, the value of the load discontinuity. In general, this amplitude distortion can be reduced if a very small time step is used for a whole step-by-step integration procedure. Hence, a lot of computational efforts will be involved. In order to reduce these computational efforts a remedy is proposed herein. The remedy is proposed to perform a very small single time step immediately after the load discontinuity to reduce amplitude distortion. Since only a very small time step is performed in the step-by-step integration, many computational efforts can be saved. The feasibility of this remedy is analytically proved and numerically confirmed.     

Selection of the Most Unfavorable Real Ground Motions for Low- and Mid-rise RC Frame Structures

The goal of this article is to select those real (or recorded) ground motions capable of exposing the low- and mid-rise reinforced concrete frame structures to an extreme limit state. By performing correlation analyses, two optimal intensity measures are first selected to represent the ground motion damage potential. Then based on each record's damage potential, four subsets of strong ground motions, referred to as the most unfavorable ground motions, are identified and preliminarily confirmed to be applicable to the low- and mid-rise RC frame structures.     

创新管理模式 发展藏区档案事业

档案工作是党和国家事业的重要组成部分。随着改革开放的深入和经济社会的发展,新时期档案工作的地位和作用将更加凸显,同时也对档案工作提出了更新更高的要求。文章分析了当前藏区档案事业发展的现状,提出以西部大开发、贯彻一系列藏区工作会议精神为契机,加大档案工作创新力度,从而实现藏区档案事业又好又快发展的思路。